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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of planning in health system management?
What is the primary purpose of planning in health system management?
Which of the following is NOT a level of planning in health system management?
Which of the following is NOT a level of planning in health system management?
Which step is essential during the planning of a health program in a community?
Which step is essential during the planning of a health program in a community?
What is a key pre-planning condition to consider for state government support in a health program?
What is a key pre-planning condition to consider for state government support in a health program?
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Which of the following factors is least likely assessed during a situation analysis in a rural community?
Which of the following factors is least likely assessed during a situation analysis in a rural community?
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What is the primary function of management that precedes all others?
What is the primary function of management that precedes all others?
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Which factors should be considered when planning a health program as a director in the Ministry of Health?
Which factors should be considered when planning a health program as a director in the Ministry of Health?
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What is the first step in the health planning process?
What is the first step in the health planning process?
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Lower level management primarily focuses on which aspect of planning?
Lower level management primarily focuses on which aspect of planning?
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Which of the following factors is NOT typically included in a situation analysis for health planning?
Which of the following factors is NOT typically included in a situation analysis for health planning?
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In health planning, what does program implementation refer to?
In health planning, what does program implementation refer to?
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What role do opinion leaders play in the health planning process?
What role do opinion leaders play in the health planning process?
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Monitoring and evaluation in health planning is crucial for what purpose?
Monitoring and evaluation in health planning is crucial for what purpose?
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Who should primarily make short-term operational decisions in an organization?
Who should primarily make short-term operational decisions in an organization?
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Why is it important to establish clear objectives and goals in a health program?
Why is it important to establish clear objectives and goals in a health program?
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What type of decisions do senior management primarily focus on?
What type of decisions do senior management primarily focus on?
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What is the first step in the controlling process?
What is the first step in the controlling process?
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In assessing the resources available for a health program, which of the following is NOT typically considered?
In assessing the resources available for a health program, which of the following is NOT typically considered?
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What should be taken into account when fixing priorities for health program objectives?
What should be taken into account when fixing priorities for health program objectives?
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Why should standards avoid being stated in qualitative terms?
Why should standards avoid being stated in qualitative terms?
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How often should an effective manager monitor performance indicators?
How often should an effective manager monitor performance indicators?
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Which method is commonly used to determine the feasibility of health program objectives?
Which method is commonly used to determine the feasibility of health program objectives?
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How can health programs balance available resources with the attainment of objectives?
How can health programs balance available resources with the attainment of objectives?
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What can happen if senior management involves itself in routine decisions?
What can happen if senior management involves itself in routine decisions?
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When comparing the cost-effectiveness of vaccination versus treatment, which of the following is a potential consideration?
When comparing the cost-effectiveness of vaccination versus treatment, which of the following is a potential consideration?
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What should a manager prioritize when correcting shortcomings?
What should a manager prioritize when correcting shortcomings?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the controlling process?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the controlling process?
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What is a desirable future state for a health issue referred to as?
What is a desirable future state for a health issue referred to as?
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What is a potential outcome of not having prioritized objectives in a health program?
What is a potential outcome of not having prioritized objectives in a health program?
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What is a primary purpose of comparing the efficiency of alternative plans in management techniques?
What is a primary purpose of comparing the efficiency of alternative plans in management techniques?
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Which of the following is NOT a major step required in formulating a systematic plan?
Which of the following is NOT a major step required in formulating a systematic plan?
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What aspect is crucial in the implementation phase of a plan?
What aspect is crucial in the implementation phase of a plan?
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What does monitoring primarily involve?
What does monitoring primarily involve?
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Which of the following factors is NOT assessed during the evaluation of a plan?
Which of the following factors is NOT assessed during the evaluation of a plan?
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What decision can be made if the evaluation results indicate satisfactory outcomes?
What decision can be made if the evaluation results indicate satisfactory outcomes?
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Which action is appropriate if there are implementation difficulties identified during evaluation?
Which action is appropriate if there are implementation difficulties identified during evaluation?
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Which of the following could be a reason to abandon a program?
Which of the following could be a reason to abandon a program?
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What is an essential part of the monitoring process in program management?
What is an essential part of the monitoring process in program management?
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When should a program's objectives potentially be revised?
When should a program's objectives potentially be revised?
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What is a key component that should be included in a formulated plan once priorities are established?
What is a key component that should be included in a formulated plan once priorities are established?
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What is the primary purpose of the monitoring phase in program management?
What is the primary purpose of the monitoring phase in program management?
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What should be assessed during the evaluation phase of a plan?
What should be assessed during the evaluation phase of a plan?
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Which of the following actions can be taken based on evaluation results?
Which of the following actions can be taken based on evaluation results?
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What is important for the implementation of a plan?
What is important for the implementation of a plan?
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What should be defined and communicated during the programming and implementation stage?
What should be defined and communicated during the programming and implementation stage?
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What factor might indicate the need to abandon a program according to evaluation results?
What factor might indicate the need to abandon a program according to evaluation results?
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Which responsibility is critical after the plan has been approved?
Which responsibility is critical after the plan has been approved?
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How should corrective action be taken if deviations occur during program monitoring?
How should corrective action be taken if deviations occur during program monitoring?
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What essential aspect should be included when formulating a plan besides the expected outcomes?
What essential aspect should be included when formulating a plan besides the expected outcomes?
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Study Notes
Health Programme Planning-PHS303
- Instructor: DR JOHNSON ADEGBOYEGA OYENIYI
- Qualifications: MBBS, MPH, FWACP, Cert. Health Plan & Mang.
Background
- Course aims to prepare public health students and health science students to develop health programs addressing specific community needs.
- Course highlights critical planning issues, management functions, implementation processes, support systems, evaluation procedures, and health information format.
- Key skills include setting goals and objectives, defining strategies, assessing resources, and linking implementation with evaluation of outcomes.
Meaning of Planning
- Planning is a managerial activity involving familiarizing oneself with planning concepts.
- Different types of planning are used at various management levels to maintain a functional system.
- Understanding the planning cycle is crucial.
- SMART objectives (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound) are essential.
- Planning includes monitoring and evaluation of programs and projects.
- Pre-planning activities need to be considered before the commencement of planning.
Health Planning
- Presentation outline includes: definition, types of planning, reasons for planning, limitations of planning, planning cycles, and factors to consider during program implementation.
Meaning of Planning (cont.)
- Planning is the function within management that sets goals and outlines the actions needed to reach those goals.
- It involves selecting future courses of action and is related to other management functions like decision-making, organizing, leading, and controlling.
- External factors influence goals.
Importance of Planning
- Planning provides direction, ensuring clarity of objectives and actions for employees.
- Planning reduces potential risks by enabling managers to predict changes and develop strategies for dealing with them.
- Planning minimizes wasteful activities by organizing efforts and ensuring coordinated action.
- Planning facilitates decision-making by providing alternative plans.
Planning Process
- The planning process involves setting objectives, developing tasks to meet those objectives, defining resource needs, creating timelines, establishing tracking and assessment, finalizing the plan, and distributing it to the team.
Four Types of Planning
- Strategic planning, tactical planning, operational planning, and contingency planning.
Types of Planning (cont.)
- Top-level management typically plans for the entire organization.
- Middle-level management focuses on departmental plans.
- Lower-level management plans for daily operations.
- Contingency plans (Plan B) are for unexpected events.
Limitations of Planning
- Rigidity: Plans can be inflexible, hindering adjustments to internal or external changes (e.g., political, legal, economic).
- Inability to Adapt to Dynamic Environments: The changing environment makes it hard to forecast needs or trends, potentially hindering successful implementation.
- Reduced Creativity: Top-level management may dominate, limiting opportunities for input from lower levels..
- High Cost: Planning requires substantial time and resources, including meetings, consultant input, and feasibility studies.
- Time Consuming: A comprehensive planning process can delay implementation.
- Absence of Alternatives: Without alternative paths to consider, planning lacks rationale.
Planning Step
- Plan formulation, Execution, Evaluation, and Collaboration.
- Specialists across medicine, economics, sociology, statistics, and management are involved.
National Development Planning
- Every country has its own national development plan.
- The plan aims for rapid, balanced economic and social development.
- A national plan usually combines sectorial plans covering various areas like health, agriculture, education, industry, power, transportation, and communication.
- Plans often need coordination to use national resources effectively.
Health Planning
- Health planning is part of national development plans.
- It’s essential for optimizing the use of scarce material resources.
- It aims to improve health services.
- Defined as a process to identify community health problems, needs, and resources to formulate plans with realistic, feasible goals and action plans.
Module 2 Outline
- Planning cycle.
- Definition of planning.
- Planning for planning.
Steps in Planning
- 1) Health Need Assessment: Identify deficiencies in preventive and curative measures and control measures for water, nutrition, immunization, and family planning.
- 2) Resource Assessment: Determine manpower, money, material, skills, knowledge, and time.
Useful Terms
- Goal, objective, and target: End results of planning, with activities and precise targets.
- Procedure: Rules guiding work.
- Policies: Guiding principles, not commands.
Plan
- 5 major components: objective, policy, program, schedules, and budget.
- Programs are sequences of activities tied to the achievement of objectives.
- Schedules provide time frames.
Pre-Planning/Preparation for Planning
- Strong government interest, legislative support (including budget allocation), adequate organizational planning (and funding), and administrative capacity to implement and monitor a health program.
Planning for Community Health Services
- Assembling a community-based team, training members, and developing instruments/questionnaires are foundational.
Planning Cycle (cont.)
- Analysis of health situations.
- Establishing objectives and goals.
- Assessing resources.
- Prioritizing needs.
- Formulating a plan.
- Programming and implementation.
- Monitoring progress.
- Evaluating outcomes.
Diagram of Planning Cycle
- Diagram depicting the cyclical nature of planning, including analysis, goal setting, resource assessment, prioritization, plan development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.
Analysis of the Current Situation
- Population characteristics (age, sex, religion, sex ratio).
- Morbidity and mortality rates (overall and specific diseases).
- Epidemiology and geographic distribution of diseases.
- Existing healthcare facilities and resources.
- Healthcare staff training and availability.
- Community perceptions and awareness regarding the disease.
Establishment of Objectives and Goals
- Defining the desirable future state for the problem under consideration.
- Establishing standards against which the program's effectiveness will be assessed.
Assessment of Resources
- Available manpower, money, materials, and skills.
- Ensuring resources align with objectives.
Fix Priorities
- Prioritization based on magnitude, costs, saving lives, and political commitments.
- Assessing different strategies through cost-effectiveness analysis.
Write-up of Formulated Plan
- Detailing of steps, resources, outcomes, and timelines.
- Clear responsibilities designated.
Programming and Implementation
- Implementing the approved plan with careful organization.
- Identifying potential shortcomings and developing solutions.
Programming and Implementation (cont.)
- Defining roles, tasks, training personnel.
- Communication and motivation of staff.
- Ensuring institutions operate efficiently.
Monitoring
- Consistent daily tracking, recording, and reporting of progress toward meeting objectives and plans.
Evaluation
- Measuring the achievement of objectives.
- Assessing resource use.
- Identifying factors influencing success and failures.
- Possible actions based on evaluation results.
Evaluation (cont.)
- Continuing evaluation of the implemented program to determine if it’s successful.
- Based on evaluation results, decisions can be made to continue, modify, adjust objectives or abandon the program.
Evaluation (cont.)
- Evaluating program effectiveness to identify areas needing adjustment.
Evaluation Considerations
- Determining if outcomes meet stated objectives and if the resources were used effectively..
Elements of Evaluation
- Relevance: Appropriateness of the service (e.g. is it still needed).
- Adequacy: Amount of resources.
- Accessibility: Ease of accessing the service.
- Acceptability: Whether people find the service suitable.
- Efficiency: How well resources are used for the program.
- Effectiveness: Extent of impacting the problem.
- Impact: Overall effects on health and socioeconomic conditions
Evaluation Considerations (cont.)
- Importance of continual evaluation.
- The means of evaluation must be built into program design during the planning process.
Module 4-Decision Making
- Planning is a future course of action.
- Management encompasses decision-making, organizing, leading, and controlling in a coherent manner.
- Effective decision-making is key to achieving health program goals within a health system or program framework.
Decision Making
- Decision-making is the core of management.
- Manager competence is determined by the quality of their decisions..
- How many factors in a manager's environment are beyond control?
- How to make optimal decisions with time constraints, incomplete information, and conflicting objectives?
Level of Decision Making
- Short-time operational decisions: Routine, frequently recurring tasks (e.g., drug inventory, staff scheduling).
- Periodic control decisions: Monitoring effectiveness, including advertising, staff deployment, pricing.
- Strategic decisions: High-cost, long-term impact involving detailed analysis (e.g., new product introductions, organization expansion).
Responding to Environmental Changes
- Flexibility is necessary to respond to economic, legal, technological, and competitive factors.
Model
- Models are simplified representations of reality in management science for determining how factors impact each other.
- Models are used in the decision-making process.
System Analysis
- Decision-making using various analyses for efficient resource allocation, considering cost and effectiveness; applicable to entire systems (hospital systems, clinics).
Network Analysis
- Network diagrams show tasks and events for scheduling and monitoring projects efficiently, including PERT and CPM methods.
- PERT diagrams help identify critical tasks for efficient project completion.
Critical Path Method (CPM)
- CPM method identifies the longest sequence or critical path in a project.
- Any delays on a critical path delay the entirety of the project.
Planning-Programming Budgeting System (PPBS)
- Resource allocation method that ties activities to achieve program objectives through a zero-based approach.
Work Sampling
- Systematic observation and recording of activities, providing quantitative data on job types and time requirements.
Decision Making (cont.)
- Decisions require complete information from various sources.
Questions-PHS-303
- Definition of Health Program Planning in a health system.
- Importance of planning for health programs.
- Levels of Health System Planning with examples.
- Steps in Planning Health Programs during a posting.
- Pre-planning conditions to get funding.
- Factors to consider in a community health situation.
- Evaluation elements and reasons for evaluation.
- Cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and net-work analysis.
- Health program resource requirements.
- Priority setting during a community health program posting.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key aspects of planning in health system management. This quiz covers levels of planning, essential steps for community health programs, and important factors to consider for successful implementation. Ensure you are well-versed in the foundational elements of health planning.
