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Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
True
Etiology refers to the physical and emotional symptoms caused by a disease.
Etiology refers to the physical and emotional symptoms caused by a disease.
False
Pathophysiology is a combination of the study of disease and the study of human function.
Pathophysiology is a combination of the study of disease and the study of human function.
True
The morphological changes in a disease are related to the genetic factors causing the disease.
The morphological changes in a disease are related to the genetic factors causing the disease.
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Risk factors can increase the susceptibility to a disease but are not direct causes of the disease.
Risk factors can increase the susceptibility to a disease but are not direct causes of the disease.
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Alzheimer's disease is primarily caused by nutritional deficiencies alone.
Alzheimer's disease is primarily caused by nutritional deficiencies alone.
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Congenital conditions are defects that are present at birth.
Congenital conditions are defects that are present at birth.
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Acquired defects occur at birth and cannot change throughout life.
Acquired defects occur at birth and cannot change throughout life.
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Clinical manifestations consist of the recognized signs and symptoms of a disease.
Clinical manifestations consist of the recognized signs and symptoms of a disease.
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Pathogenesis involves the initial contact with etiologic agents until the disease is expressed.
Pathogenesis involves the initial contact with etiologic agents until the disease is expressed.
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Idiopathic diseases are those for which the causes are well understood and documented.
Idiopathic diseases are those for which the causes are well understood and documented.
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Morphology refers solely to the microscopic structure of cells.
Morphology refers solely to the microscopic structure of cells.
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Symptoms are objective manifestations noted by an observer.
Symptoms are objective manifestations noted by an observer.
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A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and identify a particular condition.
A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that occur together and identify a particular condition.
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Diagnosis is the process of determining the cause of a disease.
Diagnosis is the process of determining the cause of a disease.
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Histologic sections are unimportant for diagnosing cancer types.
Histologic sections are unimportant for diagnosing cancer types.
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The failure of the sodium pump leads to a reduction in intracellular sodium levels.
The failure of the sodium pump leads to a reduction in intracellular sodium levels.
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Increased levels of cytosolic calcium can activate enzymes that may damage cellular components.
Increased levels of cytosolic calcium can activate enzymes that may damage cellular components.
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Anaerobic glycolysis leads to an increase in ATP levels and a rapid accumulation of intracellular glycogen stores.
Anaerobic glycolysis leads to an increase in ATP levels and a rapid accumulation of intracellular glycogen stores.
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Mitochondrial permeability transition pores lead to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
Mitochondrial permeability transition pores lead to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Loss of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum increases protein synthesis within the cell.
Loss of ribosomes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum increases protein synthesis within the cell.
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The intracellular concentration of calcium is generally higher than that of extracellular calcium in a healthy cell.
The intracellular concentration of calcium is generally higher than that of extracellular calcium in a healthy cell.
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Lactic acid buildup in the cell leads to an increase in cellular pH.
Lactic acid buildup in the cell leads to an increase in cellular pH.
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Mitochondrial damage from hypoxia can result in cell necrosis due to ATP depletion.
Mitochondrial damage from hypoxia can result in cell necrosis due to ATP depletion.
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Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their cell differentiation.
Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their cell differentiation.
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Adenocarcinoma refers to a benign tumor of epithelial tissue origin.
Adenocarcinoma refers to a benign tumor of epithelial tissue origin.
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Papillomas are classified as malignant neoplasms.
Papillomas are classified as malignant neoplasms.
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Sarcomas are malignant tumors that originate from epithelial tissues.
Sarcomas are malignant tumors that originate from epithelial tissues.
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Carcinoma in situ is a preinvasive lesion that has not spread to surrounding tissues.
Carcinoma in situ is a preinvasive lesion that has not spread to surrounding tissues.
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A benign tumor of bone tissue is called a lipoma.
A benign tumor of bone tissue is called a lipoma.
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Malignant tumors of connective tissue are called sarcomas.
Malignant tumors of connective tissue are called sarcomas.
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Fibromas are malignant neoplasms originating from fibrous tissue.
Fibromas are malignant neoplasms originating from fibrous tissue.
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Breast ductal carcinoma in situ is a type of invasive breast cancer.
Breast ductal carcinoma in situ is a type of invasive breast cancer.
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Tumour progression is solely represented by an increase in tumour size.
Tumour progression is solely represented by an increase in tumour size.
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Initiation in carcinogenesis is caused by reversible DNA damage.
Initiation in carcinogenesis is caused by reversible DNA damage.
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Proto-oncogenes like c-Myc can become oncogenes leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
Proto-oncogenes like c-Myc can become oncogenes leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
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Inherited mutant genes can predispose an individual to certain cancers.
Inherited mutant genes can predispose an individual to certain cancers.
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Exposure to chemical carcinogens only includes organic solvents and asbestos.
Exposure to chemical carcinogens only includes organic solvents and asbestos.
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Tumor suppressor genes are central to promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Tumor suppressor genes are central to promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation.
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Promotion in carcinogenesis involves exposure to mutagenic stimuli.
Promotion in carcinogenesis involves exposure to mutagenic stimuli.
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Malignant tumors exhibit less variation in cell shape and size than benign tumors.
Malignant tumors exhibit less variation in cell shape and size than benign tumors.
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Progression requires additional heritable changes in the cellular genome.
Progression requires additional heritable changes in the cellular genome.
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HIV is considered an oncogenic virus due to its direct transformation of normal cells.
HIV is considered an oncogenic virus due to its direct transformation of normal cells.
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Angiogenesis is the process that encourages the growth of new blood vessels and is a key trait in malignant tumors.
Angiogenesis is the process that encourages the growth of new blood vessels and is a key trait in malignant tumors.
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The grading of tumors is determined by how closely tumor cells resemble normal tissue cells.
The grading of tumors is determined by how closely tumor cells resemble normal tissue cells.
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Cells can escape apoptosis as a trait of malignant cells.
Cells can escape apoptosis as a trait of malignant cells.
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Metastases refer to the local spread of a tumor within its original tissue.
Metastases refer to the local spread of a tumor within its original tissue.
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Pathohistological characteristics are more pronounced in benign tumors than in malignant tumors.
Pathohistological characteristics are more pronounced in benign tumors than in malignant tumors.
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Study Notes
Pathology First Exam Material 2024
- This material covers the concepts of health and disease, including etiology, pathogenesis, morphology and histology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, clinical course, cellular adaptation, injury, and death, neoplasia, and perspectives on health and disease in populations.
Concepts of Health and Disease
- Health: A "state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity."
- Disease: An interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of the body organ or system (physiological dysfunction). Characterized by recognized etiologic agents, identifiable signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alteration.
- Etiology: The causes of disease, known as etiologic factors, including biological agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burn, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses or deficits. Most diseases are multifactorial with multiple causes.
- Risk factors: Multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease or increase susceptibility, such as obesity increasing the risk of heart disease. Risk factors can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop after birth).
- Pathogenesis: The sequence of cellular and tissue events that occur from initial contact with an etiologic agent until the expression of the disease; the evolution of the disease.
Introduction
- Pathophysiology: Combines the words pathology and physiology. Pathology is the study of structural and functional changes, while physiology focuses on the function of the human body. Hence, pathophysiology explores how disease affects the body's overall function, including examples like traumatic brain injury leading to neuron degeneration and Alzheimer's.
- Pathophysiology can also be defined as the physiology of altered health.
Morphology and Histology
- Morphology: Study of the fundamental structure and form of cells and tissues. Morphological changes are key to disease characterization.
- Histology: Focuses on the study of cells and the extracellular matrix of body tissues; crucial in disease diagnoses, such as cancer.
Clinical Manifestations
- Disease manifestations: Can include signs and symptoms.
- Symptoms: Subjective complaints noted by the person experiencing the disorder, like pain, breathing difficulty, and dizziness.
- Signs: Objective manifestations observed by an observer, such as fever or a rash.
- Syndrome: A compilation of signs and symptoms characterizing a particular abnormality or condition like Chronic Fatigue Syndrome or Down Syndrome.
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis process: The process of identifying the cause of a disease, often involving taking the patient's history, performing a physical examination, and conducting laboratory tests.
- Lab tests' purposes: Validate a problem, confirm a diagnosis, and determine related health problems.
Clinical Course
- Clinical course: Describes the evolution and behavior of the disease over time, including acute (sudden onset, rapid progression, self-limiting), subacute (between acute and chronic), and chronic (continuous, long-term progression with exacerbations and remissions).
Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
- Cell adaptations/responses to stress: Normal cells maintain a steady state called homeostasis. When cells encounter physiologic or pathologic stimuli (e.g., hormonal changes, workload increase), they can adjust their function and structure to survive, these processes can also be pathogenic.
- Adaptation can be physiologic (e.g. enlargement of the breast during pregnancy), or pathologic (e.g. myocardial hypertrophy due to hypertension).
Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy means an increase in the size of a cell, which leads to an increase in the size of the organ it pertains to. Hypertrophy can be physiologic (e.g., uterus during pregnancy) or pathologic (e.g., heart due to hypertension
Hyperplasia
- Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. Hyperplasia is often linked with hypertrophy from similar stimulus. It's key that the cells able to undergo mitotic division for the tissue to undergo hyperplasia
Atrophy
- Atrophy is the shrinkage in the size of the cell; resulting from the loss of cell substance. Atrophied cells may have decreased function, but are not dead. Causes include reduced workload, loss of innervation, decreased blood supply, malnutrition, and loss of hormonal stimulation.
Metaplasia
- Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) changes to another adult cell type. This often occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation and promotes a more resistant cell type to potentially severe stimulus. An example is smokers' tracheas and bronchi which are lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells rather than normal columnar epithelial cells to adapt to environment.
Cell Injury and Death
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Causes of cell injury: Physical agents (mechanical forces, temperature extremes, electrical forces), radiation injuries, chemical injuries (chemical burns, drugs, toxins), biological agents, and nutritional imbalances.
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Mechanisms of cell injuries: Free radical formation, hypoxia and ATP depletion, and disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis.
Necrosis
- Necrosis – a form of cell death characterized by enzymatic digestion of the cell's components in response to severe injury.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death that is either physiological or pathologic. Physiological apoptosis maintains a consistent number of cells in a tissue. Pathological apoptosis may be due to excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins or DNA damage. Two main pathways are involved, the extrinsic (death receptor-dependent) and intrinsic (mitochondrion-induced) pathway.
Neoplasia
- Neoplasia: Uncontrolled and disorderly proliferation of cells leading to tumor or neoplasm formation.
- Benign neoplasms: Well-differentiated cells that remain clustered, grow slowly, and do not spread to distant sites.
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Malignant neoplasms: Less well differentiated cells, grow rapidly, and can metastasize (spread) to distant sites.
- Nomenclature: Classification and naming of tumors, considering tissue types (epithelial or connective tissue).
- Carcinoma in situ: Localized pre-invasive cancer where cancer cell growth remains contained within its original location, not spreading to surrounding tissues.
- Characteristics: Tumor size, growth rate, differentiation (resemblance to cells of normal tissue), and invasiveness (ability to spread).
- Carcinogenic agents or pathways may cause mutations, which may lead to cancer development. Initiation, promotion, and progression are crucial stages in this process.
Perspectives on Health and Disease in Populations
- Epidemiology: Study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases in populations, assessing risk factors, incidence (new cases), and prevalence (existing cases)
- Mortality: Statistics on the number of deaths due to a particular disease during a specific period.
- Morbidity: Statistics on the functional impact of a disease of a particular disease on a population's health, during a specific period.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts in health science. This quiz covers definitions and explanations of health, disease etiology, pathophysiology, and related terms. Understand the nuances between risk factors, congenital conditions, and idiopathic diseases.
