Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT considered a health or illness-related behavior?
Which of the following is NOT considered a health or illness-related behavior?
Which of the following learning theories focuses on the association of a new stimulus with an original stimulus to provoke a natural response?
Which of the following learning theories focuses on the association of a new stimulus with an original stimulus to provoke a natural response?
In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) typically elicit?
In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) typically elicit?
Which of the following models focuses on the stages an individual progresses through to adopt a new health behavior?
Which of the following models focuses on the stages an individual progresses through to adopt a new health behavior?
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Which of these best describes the process of classical conditioning?
Which of these best describes the process of classical conditioning?
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In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
In classical conditioning, what is the role of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
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In the context of the provided material, which of the following best describes how a cigarette becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) for relaxation?
In the context of the provided material, which of the following best describes how a cigarette becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) for relaxation?
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What type of operant conditioning is exemplified by a student being exempt from a final exam for perfect attendance?
What type of operant conditioning is exemplified by a student being exempt from a final exam for perfect attendance?
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When a teenager has their phone taken away for not cleaning their room, what type of operant conditioning is being used?
When a teenager has their phone taken away for not cleaning their room, what type of operant conditioning is being used?
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How are aversive techniques used in classical conditioning to change health behavior?
How are aversive techniques used in classical conditioning to change health behavior?
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Which of the following best describes the core principle of operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes the core principle of operant conditioning?
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Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), as mentioned in the text, primarily focuses on:
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), as mentioned in the text, primarily focuses on:
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Which learning theory does not primarily account for cognitive processes?
Which learning theory does not primarily account for cognitive processes?
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What is the main way individuals learn according to Social Learning Theory?
What is the main way individuals learn according to Social Learning Theory?
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The Bobo doll experiments primarily illustrate the concepts of:
The Bobo doll experiments primarily illustrate the concepts of:
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What are the two key motivational factors, mentioned in the text, that influence whether someone will perform a behavior according to Social Learning Theory?
What are the two key motivational factors, mentioned in the text, that influence whether someone will perform a behavior according to Social Learning Theory?
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Individuals with an external locus of control are associated with:
Individuals with an external locus of control are associated with:
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What characteristic of a model makes their behaviours likely to be more effective?
What characteristic of a model makes their behaviours likely to be more effective?
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What does cognitive dissonance refer to?
What does cognitive dissonance refer to?
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According to the Cognitive Dissonance Theory, which of the following is NOT a way to reduce dissonance?
According to the Cognitive Dissonance Theory, which of the following is NOT a way to reduce dissonance?
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The Health Belief Model is primarily used to:
The Health Belief Model is primarily used to:
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What is a key factor that cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes regarding health-related behavior?
What is a key factor that cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes regarding health-related behavior?
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Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance reduction for a smoker?
Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance reduction for a smoker?
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Who developed the Health Belief Model?
Who developed the Health Belief Model?
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What does Festinger suggest is insufficient for prompting behavior change in Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
What does Festinger suggest is insufficient for prompting behavior change in Cognitive Dissonance Theory?
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Study Notes
Health Psychology and Human Diversity
- Health and illness related behaviours can promote good health or lead to illness.
- Examples include smoking, drinking, drug use, exercise, diet, safer sex practices, screening activities, and adhering to treatment regimens.
Theories/Models to Help Understand People’s Health and Illness Related Behaviours
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Learning Theories:
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov): Associations between stimuli leading to learned responses.
- Operant conditioning (Skinner): Consequences of behaviors influence future behavior (rewards or punishments).
- Social learning theory (Bandura): Learning by observing and imitating others.
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Cognition and Social Cognition Models:
- Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger): Conflict between beliefs and behaviours.
- Health belief model (Becker): Individual's perceptions of threat and benefits of taking action.
- Theory of reasoned action/planned behaviour (Ajzen & Fishbein): Intention to behave influenced by personal attitude and subjective norms.
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)
- Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936): Russian physiologist who developed the concept.
- Founder of classical conditioning and modern behavior therapy.
- Process: Association is formed between a naturally occurring stimulus and a previously neutral stimulus.
- Illustrative example: Dog salivating at the sound of a bell after repeatedly pairing the bell with food.
Classical Conditioning (John Watson)
- John Watson (1878-1958): American psychologist who further developed classical conditioning.
- Little Albert experiment: Experimental conditioning of a child to fear a white rat.
Classical Conditioning and Changing Health Behaviour
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Aversive techniques: Pairing undesirable behavior with unpleasant response (e.g., nausea-inducing medication with alcohol use).
- Example: Disulfiram (Antabuse) treatment for alcoholism.
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Techniques can be applied in smoking/alcohol misuse for harmful associations.
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Break unconscious response
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Elastic band on cigarette packet
Operant Conditioning
- BF Skinner (1904-1990): Developed operant conditioning.
- People/animals act on the environment, behavior shaped by consequences.
- Reinforcement (increases behavior): Positive (reward) and negative (removal of punishment).
- Punishment (decreases behavior): Positive (introduction of punishment) and negative (removal of reward).
- Skinner Box: Device for studying operant conditioning.
Operant Conditioning - Examples
- Rewards and punishments that influence behaviour, especially through computer games and child behaviour.
- Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA): An approach used to change children's behavior based on operant conditioning.
Classical and Operant Conditioning
- Focus on simple stimulus-response associations.
- No consideration of cognitive processes, attitudes, beliefs, or social context.
Social Learning Theory
- Albert Bandura (1925-2021): Canadian-American psychologist
- Social behavior learned by observing and imitating others.
- Vicarious learning: Learning through observation.
- Bobo Doll Experiment: Children imitated adults' aggressive behavior towards a Bobo doll.
Social Learning Theory & Health Promotion
- Influence of media figures.
- Role models.
- Smoking.
- Importance in health campaigns.
Self-Efficacy/Health Locus of Control
- Self-efficacy: Belief in ability to enact behaviour, developed in social learning.
- Health locus of control (HLC): Degree to which an individual believes their health is controlled by internal or external factors.
- Internal HLC = positive health outcomes
- External HLC = negative health outcomes
Cognition and Social Cognition Models
- Relevant theories include cognitive dissonance theory, health belief model, and theory of reasoned action.
- Key elements involve cognition ("beliefs about health threat" and "beliefs about health-related behaviour"), such as perceived benefits and barriers, along with motivation and cues to action.
Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behaviour
- Developed by Ajzen and Fishbein.
- Behavior determined by intentions, attitudes, and subjective norms.
- Intentions are influenced by attitudes towards behaviour and subjective norms (beliefs about others' attitudes toward the behaviour).
- Perceived control: Belief in one's ability to successfully enact a behaviour.
Stages of Change Model (Transtheoretical Model - TTM)
- Developed by Prochaska and DiClemente.
- People pass through different stages of change in their willingness to change.
- 5 stages: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance.
- Interventions must be tailored to the stage where an individual is to help change behaviour.
Summary
- Different models offer nuanced understandings of health behaviors.
- Learning theories emphasize learned associations and observation.
- Cognition and social cognition models reflect attitudes, beliefs, and social norms.
- The stages of change model describes progressive stages of people's willingness to change behavior.
Conclusions
- Theories and models have individual strengths and weaknesses.
- Models may offer useful frameworks, but are not solely sufficient.
- Applying different models is appropriate depending on contexts and behaviors.
- Factors affecting behaviour are complex and dynamic.
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Description
Explore the connection between health behaviors and psychological theories in this quiz. Learn about various models such as classical conditioning and the health belief model, and how they inform our understanding of health and illness. Test your knowledge on the factors influencing healthy behaviors and health-related decisions.
