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What is the primary focus of health psychology?
What is the Biopsychosocial Model used for in health psychology?
According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what is necessary for effective change?
What is the main advantage of the Stages of Change Model?
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What is necessary for effective life change, according to the resources for effective life change?
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Why is the theory of reasoned action criticized?
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What is the primary function of social support?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of cataclysmic events?
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What is the term for the ability to withstand, overcome, and thrive after adversity?
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According to the General Adaptation Syndrome Model, what is the first phase of the physiological response to stress?
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What is the primary focus of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of people with high self-esteem?
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What is the term for the way people perceive and evaluate their happiness and satisfaction with their lives?
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What is the primary benefit of attending religious services?
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What is the term for the strategies used to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of stress from oneself and others?
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What is the term for the personality trait characterized by a sense of commitment, challenge, and control?
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What is the main focus of health psychology?
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What is necessary for effective change, according to the Theory of Planned Behavior?
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What is the primary goal of health promotion?
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What is involved in the process of changing unhealthy behavior and adopting a healthier lifestyle?
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What is most effective in motivating individuals to change their behavior?
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What is the primary function of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)?
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What is the effect of social support on stress?
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What is the main consequence of stress, according to the General Adaptation Syndrome Model?
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What type of coping involves managing emotions in the face of stress?
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What is the term for the way people perceive and evaluate their happiness and satisfaction with their lives?
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What is the primary difference between cataclysmic events and personal stressors?
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What is the primary purpose of the General Adaptation Syndrome Model?
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What is the primary focus of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)?
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What is the primary benefit of having a sense of control when facing stress?
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What is the primary characteristic of people with high set points for happiness?
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What is the primary difference between hardiness and resilience?
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What is the primary role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA) in stress?
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What is the primary consequence of stress on overall health?
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What is the primary focus of health psychology in terms of an individual's health?
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What theoretical model emphasizes the importance of perceptions of control over outcome in changing behavior?
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Which of the following is a key component of the Stages of Change Model?
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What is the primary criticism of the Theory of Reasoned Action?
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What is the primary factor that motivates individuals to make effective life changes?
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What is the relationship between the mind and body, according to health psychology?
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What is the primary goal of health promotion, according to health psychology?
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Study Notes
Health Psychology
- Health psychology focuses on the role of psychology in an individual's health and in preventing and treating illness.
- It involves health promotion, which helps individuals improve their lifestyles, and public health, which helps policy makers.
Biopsychosocial Model
- Health psychology integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in health.
- The mind affects physical health, but the body also influences the mind.
- Health can influence psychological experiences such as cognitive abilities, stress, and coping.
Change and Health
- Sometimes we engage in unhealthy behavior and wish to change that behavior.
- Theoretical models of change include:
- Theory of reasoned action: involves specific intentions about behavior, positive attitude about the new behavior, and perceptions of social group support.
- Theory of planned behavior: effective change requires perceptions of control over outcome.
- Criticism: sometimes our health decisions are not rational.
Making Healthy Lifestyle Choices
- The stages of change model involves the process by which people give up bad habits and take on a healthier lifestyle.
- Changes are not made overnight, but they take place over a series of stages.
- Resources for effective life change include:
- Personal motivation: change is most effective when individuals are changing for themselves.
- Social relationships: social support is one way to make a difference in our lives and provides us with information and feedback from others.
- Religious faith: linked to longer, healthier life.
Stress
- Stress is a person's response to events that are threatening or challenging.
- Stressors produce threats to our well-being.
- Daily life is a repeated sequence of perceiving a threat, considering ways to cope, and adapting to the threat with greater or less success.
- Stress varies according to individuals, social situations, and activities.
- For people to consider an event stressful, they must perceive it as threatening or challenging and lack all the resources to deal with it effectively.
Categorizing Stressors
- Cataclysmic events: strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people at once.
- Personal stressors: major life events that have immediate negative consequences that generally fade with time.
- Background stressors: everyday annoyances that cause minor irritation and may have long-term ill effects.
The High Cost of Stress
- Stress produces both biological and psychological consequences.
- Stress affects us in multiple ways, including:
- Increasing the risk of illness.
- Hurting our ability to recover from diseases.
- Reducing our ability to cope with future stress.
The General Adaptation Syndrome Model
- Theory developed by Selye.
- Physiological response to stress follows the same set pattern regardless of the cause of stress.
- Consists of three phases:
- Alarm and mobilization.
- Resistance.
- Exhaustion.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)
- Controls reactions to stressful events.
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and Stress
- Focuses on the outcomes of stress.
- Main consequences of stress:
- Physiological results.
- Harmful behaviors.
- Indirect health-related behaviors.
Coping with Stress
- Emotion-focused coping: managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem.
- Problem-focused coping: attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of stress.
- Avoidant coping: using more direct escape routes, such as drug or alcohol use.
- People also use defense mechanisms and emotional insulation to cope with stress.
Coping Styles: Hardiness and Resilience
- Hardiness: a personality trait characterized by a sense of commitment, perception of problems as challenges, and a sense of control.
- Three components of hardiness:
- Commitment: seeing activities as important and meaningful.
- Challenge: seeing change as positive, not a threat.
- Control: perceiving that they can influence life events.
- Resilience: the ability to withstand, overcome, and actually thrive after profound diversity.
Social Support: Turning to Others
- Mutual network of caring, interested others.
- Enables us to:
- Experience lower levels of stress.
- Be better able to cope with stress we do undergo.
Spirituality and Health
- Provides health-related benefits.
- Example: attending religious services.
Subjective Well-Being
- People's sense of their happiness and satisfaction with their lives.
- Characteristics of happy people:
- High self-esteem - positive illusions.
- Firm sense of control.
- Optimistic in nature.
- Like to be around other people.
- Set points for happiness: most people have relatively high happiness set points.
- Despite the ups and downs of life, most people adapt to life by returning to a steady-state level of happiness.
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Description
Explore the role of psychology in individual's health, health promotion, and public health. Learn about the biopsychosocial model and how mental and physical health interact.
