Health Promotion Strategies in Canada
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main goals of health promotion at the government level?

  • To provide universal access to all health services
  • To increase medical science research funding
  • To reduce government spending on health care (correct)
  • To eliminate all health disparities

Which factor is NOT considered a social determinant of health?

  • Income
  • Education
  • Access to advanced medical technology (correct)
  • Culture

What percentage of Canadians in the highest income bracket rate their health as very good or excellent?

  • 67%
  • 78%
  • 85%
  • 92% (correct)

Which demographic challenge is identified as a concern for Canadian health care?

<p>A rising percentage of older age categories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health-related challenge is associated with low-income status?

<p>Higher prevalence of smoking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health screening method was introduced in British Columbia in the late 1940s?

<p>Pap smear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of health promotion strategies?

<p>To maintain or improve the health of large populations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadian children aged 5-17 are reported to be obese?

<p>10.6% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach WHO uses for health promotion?

<p>Political and sociological approaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Health inequities can be linked to which of the following factors?

<p>Employment opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Marc Lalonde's paper, what was identified as an important target for health promotion?

<p>Lifestyle choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement captures the goal of health promotion?

<p>To encourage individuals to prioritize self-care and community support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epp's framework emphasizes that the locus of responsibility for health lies primarily with whom?

<p>Individuals and communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant shift in health promotion focus in the early 1900s?

<p>From hospital operations to educating on sanitation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of health promotion is disease-based and focuses on disease management according to Labonte?

<p>Medical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Public Health level of health promotion aim to achieve?

<p>Behavior-based disease prevention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the 'precede' phases in the Precede-Proceed Model?

<p>Planning of health promotion programs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the Precede-Proceed Model involves evaluating the impact of a health promotion program?

<p>Phase 9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the Precede-Proceed Model?

<p>It does not consider social and cultural contexts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the standards for assessing effectiveness according to Judd and colleagues?

<p>Legal standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with assessing health promotion program effectiveness?

<p>Under-reporting of outcomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of standard uses comparisons to other programs or previous iterations of the same program?

<p>Historical standards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which standard evaluates health programs based on community experiences?

<p>Experiential standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should efficacy messages be presented in relation to fear appeals for effectiveness?

<p>In a one-to-one ratio with fear appeals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is highlighted as essential in the assessment of health promotion program effectiveness?

<p>Collaboration and participation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that belief in one's capability to execute behavior affects the success of fear appeals?

<p>Self-efficacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of experiencing cancer information overload?

<p>Overwhelm leading to avoidance of behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of message framing focuses on the negative consequences of not engaging in a behavior?

<p>Loss-framed messages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might loss-framing be more effective than gain-framing?

<p>Risky behaviors like getting a Pap test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to self-efficacy when a person experiences high levels of fear?

<p>Self-efficacy decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reflexive processes' refer to in the context of habit formation?

<p>Behaviors that have become habitual and part of one's identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage do health promotion programs aim to move individuals to from the pre-contemplative stage?

<p>Contemplative stage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the personal responsibility one feels regarding their emotions or situations?

<p>Self-accountability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the relationship between threat and efficacy in behavior change?

<p>Efficacy is a better predictor than threat when it comes to action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of health promotions reflects its approach to persuasion?

<p>It targets people's beliefs and attitudes towards health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes beliefs from attitudes in health promotion contexts?

<p>Beliefs are considered true, whereas attitudes involve evaluations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what is the central route of persuasion characterized by?

<p>Logical arguments based on facts and statistics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of one-on-one interactions on habit formation?

<p>They aid in forming habits more effectively than general advertisements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of health promotion programs when persuading individuals about diet?

<p>Emphasizing the enjoyment of healthy eating options. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do health promotion programs typically affect people's attitudes?

<p>They use persuasive techniques to shift positive evaluations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of gain-framed messages in health promotion?

<p>Highlighting the benefits of adopting health behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to ineffective health promotion messages?

<p>Frightening people without addressing response efficacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major hurdle for health promotion during the pandemic?

<p>Perceived risk and the need for autonomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was indicated as a significant source of anxiety during the early stages of a pandemic?

<p>Uncertainty about the situation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of COVID fatigue on adherence to public health measures?

<p>No significant decline in adherence over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of effects can influence the persuasiveness of health promotion messages?

<p>Effects of source and audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a unique aspect of the COVID-19 interventions in terms of their effectiveness?

<p>Their effectiveness could be observed within two weeks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue was highlighted regarding message clarity in health communications during the pandemic?

<p>Abstract concepts led to confusing messages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Health Promotion Definition

Strategies to improve population health, often involving social and political approaches.

Lalonde's Report Impact

Highlighted lifestyle as a key factor in health and well-being, making it a focus of health promotion.

Epp's Framework Emphasis

Emphasizes individual and community responsibility for health, not just medical staff.

Labonte's Levels of Health Promotion

Categorizes health promotion approaches into medical, public health, and social levels of promoting health.

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Medical Approach to Health

A disease-focused approach to health promotion, usually concentrating on treatment and disease management.

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Public Health Approach to Health

A behavior-focused approach to health promotion, usually concentrating on disease prevention.

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Health Promotion Responsibility

Primary responsibility for maintaining health and well-being is shared by individuals and the community, not only medical workers.

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Early Health Promotion Focus

Early health promotion primarily focused on sanitation and hospital operations.

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Reflexive Processes

Behaviors that become automatic and part of our identity, requiring minimal conscious effort. They are formed through repetition and consistent engagement.

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Habit Formation

The process of developing a consistent behavior pattern that becomes nearly automatic. It requires repeated action and positive reinforcement.

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Health Promotion Programs

Initiatives aimed at influencing people's health behaviors through education, persuasion, and environmental changes.

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Pre-contemplative Stage

The initial stage in behavior change where individuals are not aware of or are not seriously considering a need for change.

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Contemplative Stage

The stage where individuals are aware of the problem and are considering changing their behavior but haven't yet committed to action.

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Attitude

A subjective evaluation of something, often involving positive or negative feelings, and influencing our likes and dislikes.

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Belief

Something we consider to be true, regardless of whether it's objectively correct or not.

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Central Route Persuasion

A persuasive approach that relies on logic, evidence, and reasoning to influence attitudes and beliefs.

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Socioenvironmental Orientation

Focuses on social change and public health policy as a means to improve population health.

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Social Determinants of Health

Factors like income, education, social support, culture, and race that influence health outcomes.

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Health Inequities

Unfair and avoidable differences in health outcomes based on factors like income, culture, geography, and age.

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Health Promotion at the Government Level

Strategies aimed at reducing health-related inequities and saving money on health expenditures.

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Self-Care Promotion

Encouraging individuals to take responsibility for their own health through behaviors like exercise, diet, and regular checkups.

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Age-Related Health Concerns

Specific health challenges related to different age groups, like childhood obesity or smoking among adolescents.

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Occupation-Related Health Concerns

Health issues arising from specific occupations, such as stress or harmful exposure in workplaces.

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Changing Demographics and Health

The impact of shifts in population demographics, like an aging population, on healthcare systems and challenges.

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Gain-framing

A communication strategy that emphasizes the positive outcomes of engaging in a health behavior.

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Loss-framing

A communication strategy that emphasizes the negative consequences of not engaging in a health behavior.

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Response efficacy

The belief that a specific action will actually reduce the risk of illness.

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Self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to perform a specific action.

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Self-accountability

Taking responsibility for the consequences of one's own health actions.

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Pandemic Fatigue

A sense of weariness and frustration from prolonged health measures during a pandemic.

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Repetition effect

The increased memorability and impact of a message due to repeated exposure.

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Source credibility

The level of trust and believability associated with the source of a message.

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Efficacy Messages

Communication that emphasizes the effectiveness of a behavior change in reducing a threat. For example, 'Wearing sunscreen reduces your risk of skin cancer.'

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Fear Appeal Success

Fear appeals work best when they provide strong efficacy messages and people believe they can effectively reduce the threat.

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Cancer Information Overload

The feeling of being overwhelmed by the constant information about cancer found in media and health promotion programs.

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Message Framing

The way a message is presented, emphasizing either positive or negative aspects of an outcome.

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Loss-Framed Messages

Messages that emphasize the negative consequences of not engaging in a behavior. For example, 'If you don't get vaccinated, you risk getting sick.'

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Precede-Proceed Model

A framework for planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs. It involves 9 phases, with the first 5 focusing on planning and the last 4 on implementation and evaluation.

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What does the Precede-Proceed Model emphasize?

The Precede-Proceed model emphasizes a systematic approach to health promotion that considers the social and environmental factors influencing health behaviors.

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What are some challenges in assessing the effectiveness of health promotion programs?

Assessing effectiveness can be challenging because some health benefits are hard to measure (e.g., quality of life), some effects take years to appear, and under-reporting is common.

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Arbitrary Standards

These standards are based on external decisions about what the community needs for a health promotion campaign. For example, a government agency might set these standards.

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Experiential Standards

These standards are based on the direct experiences of the community involved in the health promotion campaign. It relies on their feedback and perceptions.

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Historical Standards

These standards compare a current health promotion campaign to previous similar programs or past versions of the same program.

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Normative Standards

These standards use national average data to evaluate the health promotion program. For example, they might compare a campaign's outcomes to national health trends.

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Study Notes

Development of Health Promotion in Canada

  • Health promotion strategies aim to improve the health of large populations. WHO uses political and sociological approaches.
  • Canada's Public Health Agency offers programs like "Stairway to Health," encouraging healthy lifestyle choices.
  • Marc Lalonde's paper highlighted lifestyle as a key factor in health and well-being.
  • Effective health promotion is a social movement, not just government directives, emphasizing individual and community responsibility.
  • Early health promotion in Canada focused on hospital sanitation and education.
  • 1974, Lalonde's report emphasized healthy lifestyles and prevention.
  • 1986, Epp's framework for health promotion provided a road map that remains in use today, emphasizing individual responsibility and mutual aid.

Canada's Framework for Health Promotion

  • Goals of the framework are to reduce health disparities, increase disease prevention, and build resilience.
  • Challenges include health inequities based on factors like culture, geography, socioeconomic factors and demographics.
  • The framework emphasizes strategies such as self-care, mutual aid, creating healthy environments, and strengthening community services to achieve health for all.

Successful Health Promotion

  • Labonte's model identifies three levels: medical (disease management), public health (behavior change), and socioenvironmental (social change).
  • Health promotion involves social determinants like income, education, and culture.
  • The Canadian government spends $264 billion annually on health care.

Health Promotion Mechanisms

  • Promotion of self-care (encouraging people to look after themselves) and mutual aid (encouraging people to look after each other) are key.
  • Social support systems play a pivotal role in health, particularly for those with lower incomes.
  • Two types of social support are naturally occurring (friends, family) and agency-provided (organizations).

Applying Psychology to Health Promotion

  • Health promotion draws on theories like the Multi-Process Action Control Model, Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, and Theory of Planned Behavior to understand factors that motivate health behaviors.
  • One-on-one interactions are more effective than large-scale campaigns to initiate habit change through deliberate thinking, which is often a factor in health decision-making.

Specific Health Promotion Focus Areas

  • Smoking cessation programs have targeted youth.
  • Screening for cervical cancer has improved survival rates.
  • A significant focus on healthy behaviors, such as diet and exercise, healthy environment, and avoidance of risky behaviors.

Fear Appeals and Drive Reduction Theory

  • Extended Parallel Process Model explains how fear appeals can motivate behavior change, emphasizing the importance of efficacy over fear.
  • Drive Reduction Theory addresses the motivation to reduce fear by engaging in behaviors to control threats.

Precede-Proceed Model

  • The Precede-Proceed model provides a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to health promotion planning, implementation, and evaluation.
  • The model incorporates assessments of factors and diagnoses at different levels (social, environmental, behavioral).

Assessing Health Promotion Programs

  • Evaluation is crucial in determining the success of health promotion programs. Evaluations should be collaborative and consider the long-term effects of programs on people's lives and communities.
  • Standards for effectiveness can be arbitrary depending on the community in question.

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Description

Explore the development of health promotion strategies in Canada, from early sanitation practices to modern frameworks focused on lifestyle and prevention. This quiz examines key figures like Marc Lalonde and Epp's influential framework, which emphasizes community responsibility and healthy living. Test your knowledge of Canada's health promotion initiatives and their impact on public health.

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