Health Promotion Strategies in Canada

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main goals of health promotion at the government level?

To provide universal access to all health services

To increase medical science research funding

To reduce government spending on health care (correct)

To eliminate all health disparities

Which factor is NOT considered a social determinant of health?

Income

Education

Access to advanced medical technology (correct)

Culture

What percentage of Canadians in the highest income bracket rate their health as very good or excellent?

67%

78%

85%

92% (correct)

Which demographic challenge is identified as a concern for Canadian health care?

A rising percentage of older age categories Signup and view all the answers

Which health-related challenge is associated with low-income status?

Higher prevalence of smoking Signup and view all the answers

What health screening method was introduced in British Columbia in the late 1940s?

Pap smear Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of health promotion strategies?

To maintain or improve the health of large populations Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Canadian children aged 5-17 are reported to be obese?

10.6% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the approach WHO uses for health promotion?

Political and sociological approaches Signup and view all the answers

Health inequities can be linked to which of the following factors?

Employment opportunities Signup and view all the answers

According to Marc Lalonde's paper, what was identified as an important target for health promotion?

Lifestyle choices Signup and view all the answers

Which statement captures the goal of health promotion?

To encourage individuals to prioritize self-care and community support Signup and view all the answers

Epp's framework emphasizes that the locus of responsibility for health lies primarily with whom?

Individuals and communities Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant shift in health promotion focus in the early 1900s?

From hospital operations to educating on sanitation Signup and view all the answers

Which level of health promotion is disease-based and focuses on disease management according to Labonte?

Medical Signup and view all the answers

What does the Public Health level of health promotion aim to achieve?

Behavior-based disease prevention Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the 'precede' phases in the Precede-Proceed Model?

Planning of health promotion programs Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the Precede-Proceed Model involves evaluating the impact of a health promotion program?

Phase 9 Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of the Precede-Proceed Model?

It does not consider social and cultural contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the standards for assessing effectiveness according to Judd and colleagues?

Legal standards Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is associated with assessing health promotion program effectiveness?

Under-reporting of outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of standard uses comparisons to other programs or previous iterations of the same program?

Historical standards Signup and view all the answers

Which standard evaluates health programs based on community experiences?

Experiential standards Signup and view all the answers

How should efficacy messages be presented in relation to fear appeals for effectiveness?

In a one-to-one ratio with fear appeals Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is highlighted as essential in the assessment of health promotion program effectiveness?

Collaboration and participation Signup and view all the answers

What concept suggests that belief in one's capability to execute behavior affects the success of fear appeals?

Self-efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of experiencing cancer information overload?

Overwhelm leading to avoidance of behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of message framing focuses on the negative consequences of not engaging in a behavior?

Loss-framed messages Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might loss-framing be more effective than gain-framing?

Risky behaviors like getting a Pap test Signup and view all the answers

What happens to self-efficacy when a person experiences high levels of fear?

Self-efficacy decreases Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reflexive processes' refer to in the context of habit formation?

Behaviors that have become habitual and part of one's identity. Signup and view all the answers

What stage do health promotion programs aim to move individuals to from the pre-contemplative stage?

Contemplative stage. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the personal responsibility one feels regarding their emotions or situations?

Self-accountability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the relationship between threat and efficacy in behavior change?

Efficacy is a better predictor than threat when it comes to action. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of health promotions reflects its approach to persuasion?

It targets people's beliefs and attitudes towards health. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes beliefs from attitudes in health promotion contexts?

Beliefs are considered true, whereas attitudes involve evaluations. Signup and view all the answers

In the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what is the central route of persuasion characterized by?

Logical arguments based on facts and statistics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of one-on-one interactions on habit formation?

They aid in forming habits more effectively than general advertisements. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of health promotion programs when persuading individuals about diet?

Emphasizing the enjoyment of healthy eating options. Signup and view all the answers

How do health promotion programs typically affect people's attitudes?

They use persuasive techniques to shift positive evaluations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of gain-framed messages in health promotion?

Highlighting the benefits of adopting health behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to ineffective health promotion messages?

Frightening people without addressing response efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What was a major hurdle for health promotion during the pandemic?

Perceived risk and the need for autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What was indicated as a significant source of anxiety during the early stages of a pandemic?

Uncertainty about the situation Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of COVID fatigue on adherence to public health measures?

No significant decline in adherence over time Signup and view all the answers

Which type of effects can influence the persuasiveness of health promotion messages?

Effects of source and audience Signup and view all the answers

What was a unique aspect of the COVID-19 interventions in terms of their effectiveness?

Their effectiveness could be observed within two weeks. Signup and view all the answers

What issue was highlighted regarding message clarity in health communications during the pandemic?

Abstract concepts led to confusing messages. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Development of Health Promotion in Canada

Health promotion strategies aim to improve the health of large populations. WHO uses political and sociological approaches.
Canada's Public Health Agency offers programs like "Stairway to Health," encouraging healthy lifestyle choices.
Marc Lalonde's paper highlighted lifestyle as a key factor in health and well-being.
Effective health promotion is a social movement, not just government directives, emphasizing individual and community responsibility.
Early health promotion in Canada focused on hospital sanitation and education.
1974, Lalonde's report emphasized healthy lifestyles and prevention.
1986, Epp's framework for health promotion provided a road map that remains in use today, emphasizing individual responsibility and mutual aid.

Canada's Framework for Health Promotion

Goals of the framework are to reduce health disparities, increase disease prevention, and build resilience.
Challenges include health inequities based on factors like culture, geography, socioeconomic factors and demographics.
The framework emphasizes strategies such as self-care, mutual aid, creating healthy environments, and strengthening community services to achieve health for all.

Successful Health Promotion

Labonte's model identifies three levels: medical (disease management), public health (behavior change), and socioenvironmental (social change).
Health promotion involves social determinants like income, education, and culture.
The Canadian government spends $264 billion annually on health care.

Health Promotion Mechanisms

Promotion of self-care (encouraging people to look after themselves) and mutual aid (encouraging people to look after each other) are key.
Social support systems play a pivotal role in health, particularly for those with lower incomes.
Two types of social support are naturally occurring (friends, family) and agency-provided (organizations).

Applying Psychology to Health Promotion

Health promotion draws on theories like the Multi-Process Action Control Model, Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, and Theory of Planned Behavior to understand factors that motivate health behaviors.
One-on-one interactions are more effective than large-scale campaigns to initiate habit change through deliberate thinking, which is often a factor in health decision-making.

Specific Health Promotion Focus Areas

Smoking cessation programs have targeted youth.
Screening for cervical cancer has improved survival rates.
A significant focus on healthy behaviors, such as diet and exercise, healthy environment, and avoidance of risky behaviors.

Fear Appeals and Drive Reduction Theory

Extended Parallel Process Model explains how fear appeals can motivate behavior change, emphasizing the importance of efficacy over fear.
Drive Reduction Theory addresses the motivation to reduce fear by engaging in behaviors to control threats.

Precede-Proceed Model

The Precede-Proceed model provides a comprehensive, step-by-step approach to health promotion planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The model incorporates assessments of factors and diagnoses at different levels (social, environmental, behavioral).

Assessing Health Promotion Programs

Evaluation is crucial in determining the success of health promotion programs. Evaluations should be collaborative and consider the long-term effects of programs on people's lives and communities.
Standards for effectiveness can be arbitrary depending on the community in question.

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Description

Explore the development of health promotion strategies in Canada, from early sanitation practices to modern frameworks focused on lifestyle and prevention. This quiz examines key figures like Marc Lalonde and Epp's influential framework, which emphasizes community responsibility and healthy living. Test your knowledge of Canada's health promotion initiatives and their impact on public health.