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Questions and Answers
What are the core principles of health promotion?
Participation, Empowerment, Holism, Intersectoral collaboration, Equity, Sustainability, Multiple strategies
According to the WHO definition (1987), what are the 5 dimensions of health?
Physical health, Mental health, Social functioning, Role functioning, General perceptions of well being
What do measures of health by WHO definition typically focus on?
In the context of holistic health, assessment is not complete unless it considers individual, family, and _______.
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What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization?
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Health literacy is limited to reading pamphlets and making appointments.
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What are the social determinants of health? (Choose the correct option)
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Health promotions aim to enable people to overcome challenges and increase control over their __________ to improve their health.
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The Director-General of Health monitoring procedures for safe drinking water supply in Oman is an example of:
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Which of the following statements best describes the concept of health?
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What is a key factor that determines how families view their health?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a biopsychosocial definition of family health?
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What is a key consideration in health assessment and planning for health promotion at the family level?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a community?
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What is a key aspect of health as a resource?
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Which of the following is a social determinant of health?
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What is the primary focus of disease prevention efforts?
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Which of the following is a key aspect of well-being?
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What is the relationship between individual health and family functioning?
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Study Notes
Toward a Definition of Health
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (World Health Organization, 1946 and reaffirmed in 2005).
- Health is an evolving concept, and individual health cannot be separated from the health of society.
- One cannot be healthy in an unhealthy society or world.
- Health is a dynamic, changing state of well-being, including biologic, psychologic, sociologic, spiritual, and cultural factors.
Health Promotion
- Health promotion is a process to enable people to overcome challenges and increase control over their environments to improve their health (WHO, Ottawa, 1986).
- Health promotion is an umbrella term for a range of activities, including health education, disease prevention, and health protection.
- Core principles of health promotion include participation, empowerment, holism, intersectoral collaboration, equity, sustainability, and multiple strategies.
Conceptions of Health
- Health can be defined as a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being, or as a resource for daily living.
- Disease can be defined as a dysfunction of the body, while illness is a subjective feeling of being unhealthy.
- Well-being is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well.
Social Determinants of Health
- Social determinants of health are the social conditions that people are born, live, work, and age, including the health care system.
- The social conditions under which people live, including poverty, inadequate housing, poor sanitation, suboptimal food, lack of education, and social discrimination, have a dramatic impact on health.
Family and Community Health
- Family health is a dynamic, changing state of well-being, including biologic, psychologic, sociologic, spiritual, and cultural factors of the family system.
- Community health is meeting the collective needs of members of the community through identifying problems, managing interactions within the community, and between the community and larger society.
Health Education and Disease Prevention
- Health education is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health, including improving knowledge, skills, and behavior.
- Disease prevention targets modifiable risk behaviors, such as tobacco use, poor eating habits, and lack of physical activity, which contribute to the development of chronic disease.
Measurement of Health
- Many measures of health focus on mortality, morbidity, and related indices as dysfunction, disability, and measures of illness.
- The World Health Organization (1987) defines health in terms of five dimensions: physical health, mental health, social functioning, role functioning, and general perceptions of well-being.
Levels of Prevention in Public Health
- Primordial prevention consists of risk factor reduction targeted towards an entire population through a focus on social and environmental conditions.
- Primary prevention consists of measures aimed at a susceptible population or individual to prevent a disease from ever occurring.
- Secondary prevention emphasizes early disease detection and targets healthy-appearing individuals with subclinical forms of the disease.
- Tertiary prevention targets both the clinical and outcome stages of a disease to reduce the severity of the disease and any associated sequelae.
- Quaternary prevention targets patients at risk of overmedicalization to protect them from new medical interventions that are likely to cause more harm than good.
Societal Wellness
- A well society provides all members with a quality standard of living and way of life that allows them to meet basic human needs and engage in activities that express their human potential.
- It involves the involvement of education, food production, housing, employment, and health sectors.
- Societal wellness depends on social actions and policies that protect the health and welfare of all age groups.
Prerequisites for a Well Society
- A belief that disease and illness are not inevitable consequences of human existence.
- A vision for the population beyond that of immediate survival.
- Awareness of the close relationship between individual, family, and community health assets and the well-being and productivity of a society.
- Acceptance of high-level wellness as the goal of society.
Conceptions of Health Promotion
- Health promotion is a process to enable people to overcome challenges and increase control over their environments to improve their health (WHO, Ottawa, 1986).
- Health promotion is a core responsibility of all governments (WHO, Bangkok chapter updated in 2005).
Health Promotion Concepts
- Health promotion is an umbrella term for a range of activities, including health education, disease prevention, and health protection.
- It is the science and art of preventing disease, protecting health, and educating individuals and society through organized efforts.
Health Education
- Health education is "comprises consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including improving knowledge, and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health" (WHO, Health Promotion Glossary, 1998, p.4).
- Health education is a tool or mechanism for health-related learning resulting in increased knowledge, skill development, and change in behavior of individuals or groups.
Health as an Evolving Concept
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (World Health Organization, 1946-reaffirmed in 2005).
- Individual health cannot be separated from the health of the society.
- Health is not a fixed state, as it varies depending on an individual's life stage.
- One cannot be healthy in an unhealthy society or world.
Definitions of Health that Focus on Individuals
- Health as the realization of human potential through goal-directed behavior, competent self-care, and satisfying relationships with others.
- Health as an asset, a resource for daily living, and the capacity to engage in various activities, fulfill roles, and meet demands of daily life.
Definitions of Health that Focus on the Family
- Contextual definition of family varies by culture and social norms.
- Role of family is significant in health promotion because behaviors are learned, shared, shaped, and reinforced in daily routine.
- A biopsychosocial definition of family health as a dynamic, changing state of well-being, including biologic, psychologic, sociologic, spiritual, and cultural factors of the family system.
Definitions of Health that Focus on the Community
- Communities are defined as a social group determined by both geographical area and common values, with members who know each other and interact within a social structure (WHO, 1974).
- A community's health affects individual health, and individual health affects community functioning.
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Description
Compare traditional and holistic definitions of health, and understand conceptions of individual, family, and community health. Explore the social determinants of health and its significance in a global context.
