Health Prevention and Disease Concepts

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease within a specific population and time period, while prevalence measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in a population at a specific point in time.

<p>A pneumothorax refers to the presence of air in the pleural space, which can cause partial or complete lung collapse. A tension pneumothorax is a more severe type where air enters the pleural space during inspiration but cannot escape, leading to a buildup of pressure in the chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left-sided heart failure is characterized by decreased cardiac output and signs of decreased tissue perfusion. Contributing factors include decreased cardiac output, activity intolerance, pulmonary congestion, impaired gas exchange, and pulmonary edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kidneys play a vital role in blood pressure regulation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and by controlling the volume of blood in the body. When blood pressure drops, the kidneys release renin, triggering a cascade that constricts blood vessels and increases sodium and water retention, leading to elevated blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massive proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure, commonly triggered by activities like coughing, sneezing, or exercise. Urge incontinence, on the other hand, is characterized by an urgent need to urinate and involuntary leakage due to overactive bladder muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unconjugated bilirubin is the form of bilirubin that is not yet processed by the liver. It is insoluble in water and bound to albumin in the bloodstream. Conjugated bilirubin is the water-soluble form that has been processed by the liver and can be excreted in bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the substantia nigra in the brain. This area is responsible for producing dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for smooth muscle movement and coordination. The degeneration of these neurons leads to a depletion of dopamine, resulting in the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and slow movement (bradykinesia).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypersomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five A's of Alzheimer's disease are: anomia (inability to remember names), apraxia (inability to perform familiar tasks), agnosia (inability to recognize familiar objects), amnesia (memory loss), and aphasia (inability to express oneself through speech).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gastric mucosa serves as a protective barrier against the highly acidic environment and digestive enzymes present in the stomach. It is composed of specialized cells that secrete mucus, bicarbonate, and other substances, creating a layer that prevents damage to the underlying tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steatorrhea refers to the presence of excessive fat in the stool. Common causes include malabsorption disorders, such as celiac disease, pancreatitis, and deficiencies in bile salts or pancreatic enzymes. Removal of the gallbladder can also lead to steatorrhea due to impaired fat digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile salts, produced by the liver, play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. They emulsify large fat globules, breaking them down into smaller micelles that can be more easily digested and absorbed by the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The most common cause of peptic ulcers is infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that thrives in the acidic environment of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden, severe pain in the lower right abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneum, can be caused by various factors, including abdominal surgery, ectopic pregnancy, perforation of a stomach ulcer, trauma, appendicitis, and diverticulitis. Risk factors also include weakened immune systems and underlying medical conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases, but they differ in their location and the extent of the inflammation. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, while ulcerative colitis is confined to the colon. Crohn's disease is characterized by patchy inflammation, while ulcerative colitis causes continuous inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prostate gland is a fibromuscular, glandular organ located inferior to the bladder. Its primary functions include secreting a thin, alkaline fluid that contributes to semen, adding volume and aiding sperm motility. It also plays a role in the elimination of urine through the prostatic urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes growth of the alveolar structures in the breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menopause is the natural cessation of menstrual periods, marking the end of a woman's reproductive years. It is caused by the depletion of ovarian follicles and a decline in estrogen production. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood swings, sleep disturbances, and urinary urgency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HPV is the most common STI in the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper reproductive tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is often caused by sexually transmitted infections, particularly chlamydia and gonorrhea. Young women, especially those who are sexually active, have multiple sexual partners, or have a history of PID, are at higher risk of developing PID.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Often asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a thin, milky-white or gray vaginal discharge with a fishy odor. A whiff test (a pungent odor when a 10% potassium hydroxide solution is applied to the discharge) is often positive. The vaginal pH is typically elevated, usually above 4.5, and the presence of 'clue cells,' which are epithelial cells covered with bacteria, is a microscopic finding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce complications and prevent further deterioration of existing disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cause or trigger of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CO2 retention due to hypoventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lightheadedness and shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevalence focuses on existing disease in a population at a given time, while incidence measures new cases over a specified time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low pH and low bicarbonate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rebreath exhaled CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treat the underlying issue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure build-up on heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperactive reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest tube placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Building up of pressure in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling in arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determine oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of pancreatic beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson’s Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fistulas formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Usually self-limiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorbing digested fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes Mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4-8 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acts as a vasoconstrictor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretch receptors activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overflow incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>24-hour urine test</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes sodium reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate hemoglobin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detrusor muscle relaxes</p> Signup and view all the answers