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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is classified as an intrinsic factor affecting etiology?
Which of the following is classified as an intrinsic factor affecting etiology?
What type of disease is caused by factors encountered after birth?
What type of disease is caused by factors encountered after birth?
Which of the following best describes 'clinical manifestations'?
Which of the following best describes 'clinical manifestations'?
Which term refers to a combination of observable signs and unobservable symptoms associated with a disease?
Which term refers to a combination of observable signs and unobservable symptoms associated with a disease?
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What is considered a predisposing factor in the context of etiology?
What is considered a predisposing factor in the context of etiology?
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What does pathology primarily focus on?
What does pathology primarily focus on?
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How does pathophysiology contribute to medical education?
How does pathophysiology contribute to medical education?
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What is the term used for diseases with unknown etiologies?
What is the term used for diseases with unknown etiologies?
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Which of the following correctly defines etiology in pathology?
Which of the following correctly defines etiology in pathology?
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Which of the following terms is synonymous with pathophysiology?
Which of the following terms is synonymous with pathophysiology?
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What is characterized by a combination of symptoms caused by altered physiologic processes?
What is characterized by a combination of symptoms caused by altered physiologic processes?
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What is the definition of pathogenesis in relation to disease development?
What is the definition of pathogenesis in relation to disease development?
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Which of the following is true about disease as defined in the content?
Which of the following is true about disease as defined in the content?
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What do pathologic changes in tissues and cells refer to?
What do pathologic changes in tissues and cells refer to?
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Which of the following best describes acute conditions?
Which of the following best describes acute conditions?
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What does the term etiology refer to in the context of disease?
What does the term etiology refer to in the context of disease?
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What distinguishes focal damage from diffuse damage within an organ?
What distinguishes focal damage from diffuse damage within an organ?
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Which term describes the mechanism by which lesions are produced?
Which term describes the mechanism by which lesions are produced?
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What is the primary focus of therapy in disease management?
What is the primary focus of therapy in disease management?
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How is disease primarily defined?
How is disease primarily defined?
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What component is critical for establishing a diagnosis?
What component is critical for establishing a diagnosis?
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Which term refers to the lesions or impairments that result from a disease?
Which term refers to the lesions or impairments that result from a disease?
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What distinguishes illness from disease?
What distinguishes illness from disease?
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Which statement best describes health as defined in the content?
Which statement best describes health as defined in the content?
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What are symptoms in the context of pathologic changes?
What are symptoms in the context of pathologic changes?
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In health, what is indicated by a wide range of normality?
In health, what is indicated by a wide range of normality?
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What is a recognized feature of disease at the cellular level?
What is a recognized feature of disease at the cellular level?
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What does 'dis-ease' refer to in the definition of disease?
What does 'dis-ease' refer to in the definition of disease?
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Which of the following statements regarding cardiac disease is true?
Which of the following statements regarding cardiac disease is true?
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Why is it said that disease can exist without illness?
Why is it said that disease can exist without illness?
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What is the relationship between etiology and disease?
What is the relationship between etiology and disease?
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Study Notes
Health
- A state of complete accord with surroundings
- There is a range of 'normality' in health, including height, weight, and chemical composition of blood and tissues
Disease
- The opposite of health
- Loss of comfort to the body
- An interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure
- A deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body
- Not absolute, but relative to health
Illness
- The reaction of an individual to disease
- Characterized by symptoms (complaints of the patient) and physical signs (elicited by the physician)
Disease vs. Illness
- Disease usually causes illness
- Possible to have a disease without illness, such as Cardiac disease
- Possible to experience an illness without a diagnosed disease, such as Chronic pain
Disease & Illness
- The study of disease is called pathology
- The management of illness occurs in wards and clinics
- Syndromes (meaning running together) are combinations of symptoms caused by altered physiological processes
Pathology
- Focuses on pathological processes with a defined set of signs and symptoms
- Involves the whole body or any of its parts
- Health is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well being
Terminology In Pathology
- Patient: The person affected by disease
- Lesion: Characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by disease
- Pathologic changes or morphology: Examination of diseased tissues
- Etiology: Causal factors responsible for lesions, including microorganisms, environmental factors, social factors, and personal habits
- Pathogenesis: Mechanism by which lesions are produced, including disrupted homeostasis, damage and anti-damage processes, and reversal of role between cause and result
- Symptoms: Functional implications of the lesion felt by the patient
- Signs: Observable or measurable traits discovered by the clinician
- Diagnosis: Identification of the specific disease
- Therapy: Treatment of the disease to either effect a cure or reduce symptoms
- Prognosis: Prediction of a disease's outcome
Etiological factors
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Extrinsic factors:
- Biological agents: Bacteria, viruses, parasites
- Chemical agents: Toxins, pollutants
- Physical agents: Radiation, trauma
- Nutritional imbalances: Deficiencies, excesses
-
Intrinsic factors:
- Genetic factors: Inherited predispositions
- Congenital factors: Abnormalities present at birth
- Immunological factors: Impaired immune function
- Psychological factors: Stress, anxiety
Categories of Etiology
- Genetic disease: Result of genes responsible for a structural or functional defect
- Congenital disease: Genetic information is intact, but the intrauterine environment interferes with normal development
- Acquired disease: Disease is caused by factors encountered after birth (biological agents, physical forces, and chemical agents)
Etiological factors
-
Predisposing factors: Increase the susceptibility to disease
- Genetic constitution: Inherited predispositions
- Physiological diathesis (stress): State of susceptibility to disease due to stress
- Psychological characteristics: Personality traits that may increase risk
-
Precipitating factors: Trigger the onset of disease
- Natural conditions: Exposure to pathogens, climate changes
- Physical condition: Trauma, surgery
- Social condition: Poverty, lack of access to healthcare
Clinical Manifestations
- Symptoms: Unobservable effects of a disease reported by the patient
- Signs: Observable or measurable traits
- Syndrome: A characteristic combination of signs and symptoms associated with a specific disease
Pathogenesis
- The sequence of events in the development of a disease
Terminology in Pathology
- Sequelae: Lesions or impairments resulting from a disease
- Acute conditions: Rapid onset, develop quickly and are usually of short duration
- Chronic conditions: Longer duration, onset may be sudden or insidious
Distribution of lesions
- Local: Confined to one area of the body
- Systemic: Widely distributed throughout the body
- Focal: One or more distinct sites of damage within an organ
- Diffuse: Damage is uniformly distributed within an organ
### Pathophysiology
- Study of abnormal functioning of diseased organs and how it applies to medical treatment and patient care
- Focuses on functional and metabolic alterations and mechanisms
- Also known as: Physiopathology, Physiology of Disease, Physiology of Disordered Function
Why is Pathophysiology important?
- Bridges between basic sciences and diseases
- Helps students, physicians, and other medical practitioners understand how diseases develop, clinical manifestations appear, and the fundamental mechanisms involved.
- Enhances the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases.
- Provides a foundation for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches
Etiology
- The study of causative agents, including microorganisms, environmental, social factors, and personal habits
- When the etiology is unknown, the disease is called idiopathic.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of health, disease, and illness, highlighting their definitions, distinctions, and interrelations. It examines how normality in health is defined, the nature of disease, and the individual experience of illness. Understanding these terms is crucial for better comprehension of medical sciences and patient care.
