Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a significant change in the HESPA II 2020 model compared to earlier approaches by NCHEC?
What is a significant change in the HESPA II 2020 model compared to earlier approaches by NCHEC?
- Advocacy and communication are separated into distinct areas. (correct)
- Advocacy and communication are merged.
- Communication is no longer a focus of health education.
- Health education now only focuses on communication.
Health education specialists never engage with the media.
Health education specialists never engage with the media.
False (B)
In a community setting, what type of organization might a health education specialist develop program materials for?
In a community setting, what type of organization might a health education specialist develop program materials for?
A disease-specific organization, such as one for heart disease.
A health education specialist may develop resources to help lobby for __________, resolutions, or legislation.
A health education specialist may develop resources to help lobby for __________, resolutions, or legislation.
Which of the following is a task of a health education specialist on a collegiate campus?
Which of the following is a task of a health education specialist on a collegiate campus?
Planning and implementation are not necessary steps in health communication.
Planning and implementation are not necessary steps in health communication.
Match the following roles with their corresponding responsibilities:
Match the following roles with their corresponding responsibilities:
What is the first step in the needs assessment process?
What is the first step in the needs assessment process?
Primary data is data that someone else has collected and analyzed.
Primary data is data that someone else has collected and analyzed.
What are the two types of data mentioned that can be used in a needs assessment?
What are the two types of data mentioned that can be used in a needs assessment?
The needs assessment process includes identifying the focus of the ______.
The needs assessment process includes identifying the focus of the ______.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following is a common source of reliable health information?
Which of the following is a common source of reliable health information?
It is unnecessary to use multiple sources of information to ensure accuracy.
It is unnecessary to use multiple sources of information to ensure accuracy.
What is a key skill health educators need in the 21st century?
What is a key skill health educators need in the 21st century?
Health educators should always be aware of their available ______.
Health educators should always be aware of their available ______.
What is one potential downside of the vast amount of health information available?
What is one potential downside of the vast amount of health information available?
Health educators should rely solely on governmental sources for information.
Health educators should rely solely on governmental sources for information.
Name one major professional association considered a legitimate source of information.
Name one major professional association considered a legitimate source of information.
The needs assessment process can help identify factors linked to a lack of ______.
The needs assessment process can help identify factors linked to a lack of ______.
Match the following sources with their characteristics:
Match the following sources with their characteristics:
What percentage of Americans speak English at home?
What percentage of Americans speak English at home?
Which language is the second most commonly spoken at home in the United States?
Which language is the second most commonly spoken at home in the United States?
Only 12% of U.S. adults have proficient health literacy.
Only 12% of U.S. adults have proficient health literacy.
People with proficient health literacy are more likely to report their health as poor.
People with proficient health literacy are more likely to report their health as poor.
What is the term used to describe the ability to read and understand text related to health?
What is the term used to describe the ability to read and understand text related to health?
In the United States, the most commonly spoken language at home, after English, is ______.
In the United States, the most commonly spoken language at home, after English, is ______.
Prose literacy, numeracy, and cultural competency are all components of ______.
Prose literacy, numeracy, and cultural competency are all components of ______.
Match the following health literacy levels with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the following health literacy levels with their corresponding characteristics:
Which of the following groups is at greater risk for low health literacy?
Which of the following groups is at greater risk for low health literacy?
What is one essential skill related to numeracy in health literacy?
What is one essential skill related to numeracy in health literacy?
Low numeracy can hinder a person's ability to read nutrition labels.
Low numeracy can hinder a person's ability to read nutrition labels.
Many people with ______ literacy levels take longer to read and may give up partway through a piece of text.
Many people with ______ literacy levels take longer to read and may give up partway through a piece of text.
Which of the following is NOT a component of health literacy?
Which of the following is NOT a component of health literacy?
What is one strategy for producing readable health materials?
What is one strategy for producing readable health materials?
Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
Which of the following sentences is an example of passive voice?
Which of the following sentences is an example of passive voice?
Active voice is typically more difficult to understand than passive voice.
Active voice is typically more difficult to understand than passive voice.
What is the primary purpose of using the teach-back method?
What is the primary purpose of using the teach-back method?
The primary structure of active voice is ______________.
The primary structure of active voice is ______________.
Match the communication channels with their characteristics:
Match the communication channels with their characteristics:
What is recommended for a general audience in terms of reading level?
What is recommended for a general audience in terms of reading level?
Using teach-back only needs to occur once at the end of a lesson.
Using teach-back only needs to occur once at the end of a lesson.
What does the teach-back method simulate?
What does the teach-back method simulate?
If you have a form of the verb 'to be' and a past participle, it is likely ______________ voice.
If you have a form of the verb 'to be' and a past participle, it is likely ______________ voice.
Which method can help identify misunderstandings in a student’s learning?
Which method can help identify misunderstandings in a student’s learning?
Channel selection is irrelevant in communication planning.
Channel selection is irrelevant in communication planning.
Name one tool that can help assess the readability of text.
Name one tool that can help assess the readability of text.
A health educator might use posters, social media, and digital media boards to disseminate _____________ messages.
A health educator might use posters, social media, and digital media boards to disseminate _____________ messages.
Match the following types of sentences to their voices:
Match the following types of sentences to their voices:
What is tailored messaging?
What is tailored messaging?
Tailored health messages are generally more effective than targeted messages.
Tailored health messages are generally more effective than targeted messages.
What should health educators consider when segmenting an audience?
What should health educators consider when segmenting an audience?
People who are in the _______ stage of change may need awareness-raising messages.
People who are in the _______ stage of change may need awareness-raising messages.
Match the following health communication theories/models with their descriptions:
Match the following health communication theories/models with their descriptions:
Which of the following is NOT one of McGuire's 12 steps in behavior change?
Which of the following is NOT one of McGuire's 12 steps in behavior change?
Audience segmentation is only based on demographics like age and sex.
Audience segmentation is only based on demographics like age and sex.
What is the main premise of the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
What is the main premise of the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
In health messaging, materials should be tailored to distinct _______.
In health messaging, materials should be tailored to distinct _______.
Which delivery method is NOT mentioned as a way to communicate the importance of follow-up care?
Which delivery method is NOT mentioned as a way to communicate the importance of follow-up care?
Tailored messages require knowledge of the audience's specific characteristics.
Tailored messages require knowledge of the audience's specific characteristics.
How does McGuire's model provide evaluators an opportunity to identify failures in messaging?
How does McGuire's model provide evaluators an opportunity to identify failures in messaging?
Match the following audience characteristics with their relevant needs:
Match the following audience characteristics with their relevant needs:
What is an example of a peripheral cue in health messaging?
What is an example of a peripheral cue in health messaging?
Messages on child care should not consider the audience's level of experience.
Messages on child care should not consider the audience's level of experience.
What component of the marketing mix is described as a collection of offerings designed to increase audience engagement?
What component of the marketing mix is described as a collection of offerings designed to increase audience engagement?
The effectiveness of a marketing intervention does not rely on understanding consumer behavior.
The effectiveness of a marketing intervention does not rely on understanding consumer behavior.
What are the four Ps involved in social marketing?
What are the four Ps involved in social marketing?
According to Hill's criteria for causation, the ______ is the larger the association, the more likely it is causal.
According to Hill's criteria for causation, the ______ is the larger the association, the more likely it is causal.
Match the following criteria to their descriptions:
Match the following criteria to their descriptions:
Which type of promotion was included in the VERB campaign?
Which type of promotion was included in the VERB campaign?
Channels for communication are selected based on the message and audience needs.
Channels for communication are selected based on the message and audience needs.
What does self-efficacy measure in the Extended Parallel Processing Model?
What does self-efficacy measure in the Extended Parallel Processing Model?
What should be verified about the information source when assessing online health information?
What should be verified about the information source when assessing online health information?
A website with the domain name .gov is associated with a ______ agency.
A website with the domain name .gov is associated with a ______ agency.
The Extended Parallel Processing Model indicates that high severity and low self-efficacy will lead to behavior change.
The Extended Parallel Processing Model indicates that high severity and low self-efficacy will lead to behavior change.
Name the two primary techniques through which educational entertainment promotes behavior change.
Name the two primary techniques through which educational entertainment promotes behavior change.
Which of Hill's criteria suggests that greater exposure should lead to a greater effect?
Which of Hill's criteria suggests that greater exposure should lead to a greater effect?
Health educators typically disregard the review processes for health information published online.
Health educators typically disregard the review processes for health information published online.
In social marketing, the four Ps include product, _____, place, and promotion.
In social marketing, the four Ps include product, _____, place, and promotion.
Match the following constructs of the Extended Parallel Processing Model with their definitions:
Match the following constructs of the Extended Parallel Processing Model with their definitions:
Which social media platform is mentioned as popular among people ages 18 to 29?
Which social media platform is mentioned as popular among people ages 18 to 29?
The presence of experimental evidence supports the criteria of ______ in establishing causation.
The presence of experimental evidence supports the criteria of ______ in establishing causation.
What is a potential negative outcome of using fear-based messages?
What is a potential negative outcome of using fear-based messages?
Educational entertainment has its roots solely in television.
Educational entertainment has its roots solely in television.
Match the following online health website characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the following online health website characteristics with their descriptions:
What campaign aimed to increase physical activity among youth ages 9 to 13?
What campaign aimed to increase physical activity among youth ages 9 to 13?
_________ is an approach that combines educational content with entertainment to engage the audience.
_________ is an approach that combines educational content with entertainment to engage the audience.
Match the following aspects of the VERB campaign with their correct terms:
Match the following aspects of the VERB campaign with their correct terms:
What aspect of social marketing focuses on where behavior needs to occur?
What aspect of social marketing focuses on where behavior needs to occur?
The concept of narrative transportation describes a situation where the audience is disengaged from the story.
The concept of narrative transportation describes a situation where the audience is disengaged from the story.
According to social marketing, what should the focus be when determining 'price'?
According to social marketing, what should the focus be when determining 'price'?
The four Ps in social marketing are product, price, place, and _____.
The four Ps in social marketing are product, price, place, and _____.
Which of the following is a focus area for the Extended Parallel Processing Model?
Which of the following is a focus area for the Extended Parallel Processing Model?
What is a potential limitation of relying solely on analytics for evaluating communication materials?
What is a potential limitation of relying solely on analytics for evaluating communication materials?
Comment sections on web platforms can help understand how materials are being received.
Comment sections on web platforms can help understand how materials are being received.
What is a key aspect that health educators must remember about communication?
What is a key aspect that health educators must remember about communication?
Any evaluation is better than __________.
Any evaluation is better than __________.
Match the following communication tools with their features:
Match the following communication tools with their features:
Which organization is primarily responsible for coordinating international health within the United Nations' system?
Which organization is primarily responsible for coordinating international health within the United Nations' system?
A .edu domain name guarantees that the information is accurate.
A .edu domain name guarantees that the information is accurate.
Name two health-related agencies under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Name two health-related agencies under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The _______ can help you become familiar with foundations that you might need to investigate.
The _______ can help you become familiar with foundations that you might need to investigate.
Match the following health organizations with their primary focus:
Match the following health organizations with their primary focus:
Which of the following organizations is considered a valuable source of evidence-based programs?
Which of the following organizations is considered a valuable source of evidence-based programs?
Think tanks can be biased but still serve as valuable information sources.
Think tanks can be biased but still serve as valuable information sources.
What type of databases may require a membership or subscription to access?
What type of databases may require a membership or subscription to access?
__________ is one of the go-to sources for medical and public health data.
__________ is one of the go-to sources for medical and public health data.
Match the following organizations to their associated domains:
Match the following organizations to their associated domains:
What is a common drawback of using only one source of information in health education?
What is a common drawback of using only one source of information in health education?
Community-based organizations (CBOs) are always reliable sources of health information.
Community-based organizations (CBOs) are always reliable sources of health information.
Name a source for evidence-based HIV prevention interventions.
Name a source for evidence-based HIV prevention interventions.
The ________ conducts systematic reviews relevant to public health.
The ________ conducts systematic reviews relevant to public health.
What is one platform that can be used to assess website accessibility?
What is one platform that can be used to assess website accessibility?
Accessibility considerations should only be made after materials have been developed.
Accessibility considerations should only be made after materials have been developed.
What is a key principle for writing materials for an audience?
What is a key principle for writing materials for an audience?
The __________ should be compliant with Section 508 so it can be read by screen readers for the visually impaired.
The __________ should be compliant with Section 508 so it can be read by screen readers for the visually impaired.
Match the following software tools with their main use:
Match the following software tools with their main use:
Which audience may NOT be considered in the dissemination of health education materials?
Which audience may NOT be considered in the dissemination of health education materials?
Pilot testing is an optional step in the material development process.
Pilot testing is an optional step in the material development process.
What is Web 2.0 known for facilitating?
What is Web 2.0 known for facilitating?
Utilizing __________ is essential for ensuring materials are culturally appropriate and engaging.
Utilizing __________ is essential for ensuring materials are culturally appropriate and engaging.
Match the following types of dissemination methods with their descriptions:
Match the following types of dissemination methods with their descriptions:
What is the purpose of formative evaluation during material development?
What is the purpose of formative evaluation during material development?
All graphical elements must be avoided if the intended audience includes individuals with disabilities.
All graphical elements must be avoided if the intended audience includes individuals with disabilities.
Which audience may be involved when disseminating health education materials?
Which audience may be involved when disseminating health education materials?
___________ is a research-based tool designed to help develop and assess public communication materials.
___________ is a research-based tool designed to help develop and assess public communication materials.
Match the following resources with their purposes:
Match the following resources with their purposes:
Which social media platform is mentioned as having nearly three billion registered users?
Which social media platform is mentioned as having nearly three billion registered users?
Mobile technology is declining in use among adults.
Mobile technology is declining in use among adults.
Name one specific social media site relevant to health educators.
Name one specific social media site relevant to health educators.
The __________ of social media sites allows for easy advertisement targeting different demographics.
The __________ of social media sites allows for easy advertisement targeting different demographics.
Match the following social media sites with their primary audience:
Match the following social media sites with their primary audience:
What is a disadvantage of using social media for health communication?
What is a disadvantage of using social media for health communication?
Blogs provide an unlimited space for exploring topics in depth.
Blogs provide an unlimited space for exploring topics in depth.
What percentage of American adults owned a smartphone according to a 2021 survey?
What percentage of American adults owned a smartphone according to a 2021 survey?
Programs like __________ utilize text messaging to deliver timely health information.
Programs like __________ utilize text messaging to deliver timely health information.
Match the following evaluation types with their descriptions:
Match the following evaluation types with their descriptions:
Which group is overrepresented on platforms like Twitter and Instagram?
Which group is overrepresented on platforms like Twitter and Instagram?
Health information delivered via social media requires constant monitoring.
Health information delivered via social media requires constant monitoring.
What challenge arises when trying to attract readers to blog content?
What challenge arises when trying to attract readers to blog content?
Only a small percentage (less than __________%) of Americans use text-based health alerts.
Only a small percentage (less than __________%) of Americans use text-based health alerts.
Which campaign is noted for having thorough outcomes evaluation?
Which campaign is noted for having thorough outcomes evaluation?
Study Notes
Health Communication Overview
- Health communication is essential for health educators, encompassing assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
- HESPA II 2020 model separates communication from advocacy, recognizing their significance as distinct fields.
Roles of Health Education Specialists
- Specialists must create diverse program materials, including pamphlets, websites, and social media content.
- Responsibilities may include writing press releases, engaging with media, and providing resources to patients and organizations.
- Community health specialists may plan campaigns like tobacco-free initiatives, requiring needs assessment and educational outreach.
Needs Assessment Process
- Assessing communication needs begins by determining the assessment's purpose and identifying existing data.
- Data collection can be qualitative or quantitative; examples include health risk assessments or reviewing existing studies.
- Resource limitations such as time, money, and staff must be taken into account during needs assessment.
Valid Information Resources
- Modern access to vast information poses challenges; it's important for health educators to discern credible sources.
- Peer-reviewed articles and governmental sources are generally reliable, but verification from multiple sources is recommended.
- Major professional associations provide authoritative information, though potential biases exist.
Languages Spoken in the United States
- Approximately 78% of Americans speak English at home; the most common languages include:
- Spanish: 40,709,597 speakers
- Chinese: 3,414,146 speakers
- French: 2,060,721 speakers
- Other languages rank lower in prevalence.
Health Literacy Introduction
- Health literacy influences how individuals comprehend and utilize health information.
- Healthy People 2030 includes both personal and organizational definitions of health literacy.
Importance of Health Literacy
- Only 12% of U.S. adults possess proficient health literacy; 36% have insufficient levels for managing their health.
- Individuals with low health literacy are more prone to report poor health status and lack health insurance.
Populations at Risk for Low Health Literacy
- Risk groups include older adults, ethnic minorities, individuals with lower education, low-income individuals, and nonnative English speakers.
Components of Health Literacy
- Health literacy comprises prose literacy, numeracy, and the capacity to navigate healthcare systems.
- Cultural competency is also a critical aspect of health literacy.
Understanding Numeracy
- Numeracy skills are crucial for managing health metrics and understanding medical information like dosage and nutrition labels.
- Low numeracy can hinder understanding of health insurance, medication dosing, and health risk communications.
Tips for Creating Readable Materials
- Use plain language and highlight key points upfront to enhance readability.
- Organize information into smaller, digestible chunks and utilize formatting tools like headers and bullet points to aid navigation.
- Include visuals to accompany complex data, and aim for a sixth- to eighth-grade reading level.
Teach-Back Method
- Teach-back is an effective technique to gauge understanding; it involves students reiterating information taught to them.
- This method helps identify and rectify misunderstandings, ensuring that learners grasp essential knowledge.
Channel Selection in Communication
- Selecting communication channels requires consideration of audience receptivity, message clarity, and engagement.
- Visual supports may be necessary for audiences with low literacy levels; budget constraints also influence channel selection.
- A multifaceted approach combining various channels is often necessary to effectively reach and educate target populations.### Community Health Education Strategies
- Community health educators aim to increase follow-up appointments for children with asthma through various methods like pamphlets, reminder calls, and partnerships with religious leaders.
- New media's effectiveness, strengths, and weaknesses are essential considerations in outreach efforts.
Message Tailoring and Targeting
- Tailoring involves customizing messages for specific individuals, while targeting focuses on a defined audience segment.
- Effective tailored messages consider factors such as demographics, knowledge, and health literacy levels.
Audience Segmentation
- Segmentation is vital for addressing distinct needs within different population groups, informed by characteristics such as belief systems and stages of behavioral change.
- Understanding participants’ stages is crucial—those in precontemplation need awareness messages while those in action require reinforcement.
Health Communication Theories
- McGuire’s Persuasive Communication framework highlights essential components: credible source, intended audience, delivery channel, message design, and desired behavior outcomes.
- The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) distinguishes between central processing (higher engagement) and peripheral processing (lesser engagement) based on individual interest levels.
Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM)
- EPPM utilizes constructs like self-efficacy and response efficacy to gauge decision-making influenced by fear appeals, predicting outcomes such as danger control or fear control.
Educational Entertainment ("Edutainment")
- Edutainment combines educational content within entertainment to engage audiences, proven effective in health education, notably in HIV awareness.
- It utilizes narrative transportation to draw audiences into stories, potentially reducing stigma but also risking the promotion of negative behaviors.
Social Marketing Principles
- Social marketing aims to change health behaviors and involves four Ps: product (target health behavior), price (cost perceived by the audience), place (where behavior occurs), and promotion (engagement strategies).
- The CDC’s VERB campaign exemplifies social marketing by promoting physical activity among youth through accessible messaging and giveaways.
Health Communication Methods
- A multitude of communication channels are available, with choice influenced by audience preferences and message appropriateness (e.g., signage versus hotline).
- Understanding demographics is essential for selecting effective channels for disseminating health messages.
Hill’s Criteria for Causation
- Hill’s criteria help establish causation in epidemiology, encompassing strength, consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy.
Assessing Online Health Information
- Evaluate credibility by considering the source, funding, originality, review processes, currency of information, and privacy policies.
- Domain names (e.g., .gov, .edu, .org) offer insights into information reliability, with .gov and .edu generally regarded as most trustworthy.
Trusted Health Information Resources
- The World Health Organization and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services are examples of credible global and national health organizations.
- Other federal resources include the CDC, FDA, NIH, and SAMHSA, providing authoritative health information and guidelines.### Trusted Health Information Sources
- Highly credible organizations include the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Red Cross.
- Understand the motives, funding, and methods of organizations before trusting their information.
- The Foundation Center provides resources for investigating reputable foundations.
- Notable foundations for health information: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Pew Internet and American Life Project.
- Research centers, or think tanks, often have specific agendas; examples include Rand Corporation and Pew Research Center.
Searchable Health Information Databases
- CINAHL database focuses on allied health literature; membership needed for access.
- Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR) offers clinical and program information; some content is free, other parts require a fee.
- ERIC provides free access to educational journals related to health and school-aged children.
- MEDLINE and PubMed are prime sources for medical and public health data; access is mostly free.
- PsycINFO is a paid database for psychology and behavioral science literature.
Sources for Evidence-Based Programs
- Community Health Online Resource Center, Effective Interventions for HIV prevention, and Healthy People 2030 are essential resources for evidence-based practices.
- SAMHSA’s National Registry and U.S. Preventive Services Task Force offer guidelines for effective health programs.
Developing Communication Materials
- Tailor materials based on audience needs assessments and theoretical foundations of communication.
- Use design and production tools like Adobe InDesign, iMovie, or online applications like Canva.com.
- Ensure materials are accessible, compliant with Section 508, and inclusive for various disabilities.
- Resources for assessing materials include the WAVE tool, Coblis for color blindness simulation, and the CDC Clear Communication Index.
Dissemination of Messages
- Identify key stakeholders: program staff, funders, health departments, educational organizations, and community groups for effective message distribution.
- Dissemination methods encompass presentations, printed materials, electronic communications, and interactive sessions.
- Utilize various platforms based on audience preferences for effective engagement and feedback.
New Media in Health Communication
- Understanding and engaging with social media (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) is critical for health communicators.
- 95% of American adults own cell phones; health apps and messaging can effectively reach audiences.
- Blogs provide in-depth content but require frequent updates to retain reader interest.
Evaluation of Communication Efforts
- Regular evaluations measure the reach, impact, and effectiveness of communication materials and campaigns.
- Process evaluations track implementation fidelity and audience reach, whereas impact evaluations assess knowledge, attitude, or behavior changes.
- Utilize platform analytics to gauge material reception but be aware they may not show the full impact of health communications.
Importance of Communication in Health Education
- Communication is integral to health education; it must follow structured program steps for effectiveness.
- Future chapters will explore leadership and management in health education overall.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 7 of the health communication curriculum, specifically assessing communication needs and the planning, implementation, and evaluation processes. It reviews concepts from earlier chapters and introduces the HESPA II 2020 model as a significant change in health communication strategy.
