Questions and Answers
What is the overarching goal of a health system?
A health system can be defined as just the collection of healthcare facilities within a region.
False
According to WHO, what should the health system aim to provide fairly?
Health financing
A health service is any service aimed at improving the health of populations and includes both clinical services and __________ measures.
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Match each goal of the health system with its description:
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What does responsiveness in a health system entail?
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An adequately funded health system may deter individuals from receiving needed care due to payments required at the time of service.
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What should be measured across different socioeconomic groups in a health system?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a health service input?
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Stewardship involves generating appropriate data for effective decision-making.
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What are the key activities involved in the stewardship function?
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The collection of money to pay for healthcare services is referred to as __________.
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Which mechanism is typically associated with public health systems for financing?
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Mandatory payroll contributions are a form of personal savings used for health financing.
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Match the health financing mechanisms with their descriptions:
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Name one responsibility of the government in the stewardship function.
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What was the main purpose of the 'Access to Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act' (RA 9502)?
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The Universal Health Care Law was enacted in 2013.
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What does DOH stand for in the context of health governance?
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The __________ Law guarantees equitable access to quality and affordable health care services for all Filipinos.
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Match the health initiatives with their years of implementation:
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What is the main purpose of risk pooling in health financing?
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The Bismarck model fully relies on government funding for healthcare services.
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Who is the social reformer associated with the Beveridge model?
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In the Beveridge model, healthcare is financed through _______ payments.
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Match the health financing model with the countries where they are primarily observed:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Beveridge model?
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Strategic purchasing refers to how risk-pooling organizations use collected financial resources to finance or buy _______ services.
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The Bismarck model is primarily used in Scandinavian countries.
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What is the primary goal of a health workforce according to the WHO Health System Framework?
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The Generics Act allows prescriptions to be written using brand names to ensure lower drug costs.
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What major change did the Local Government Code (RA 7160) implement in the health system?
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The _____ Act was aimed at providing financial protection to all citizens, with priority given to the poor.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the WHO Health System Framework?
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Match the following years with the corresponding events in the Philippine health system:
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The Health Sector Reform Agenda in 1996 aimed to maintain the existing organizational structure of the DOH.
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What was the primary focus of the Milk Code implemented in 1986?
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Study Notes
Definition of Health Care System
- A health care system comprises resources, organization, financing, and management for delivering health services to populations (Roemer, 1991).
- Involves all organizations, institutions, resources, and individuals aiming to improve health (WHO, 2000).
Goals and Functions of Health System
- Health Improvement: Aim to enhance the overall health of populations across socioeconomic groups, protecting them from health risks.
- Responsiveness: Ensures satisfactory health services while engaging people as partners, emphasizing dignity, quality, and autonomy.
- Fair Health Financing: Provides social and financial risk protection; ensures equitable payment about income for necessary services.
Vital Health System Functions
- Health Service Provision: Involves public and private services aimed at improving health, including preventive and health promotion initiatives.
- Health Service Inputs: Management of essential resources—medications, human resources, medical equipment—is crucial for service delivery.
- Stewardship: Government's role in overseeing the health system, setting directions, identifying priorities, and coordinating health-related activities.
- Health Financing: Involves revenue collection, pooling of resources, and strategic purchasing for health services.
Health Financing Mechanisms
- Revenue Collection: Funds are sourced through taxation, out-of-pocket expenditures, payroll contributions, and donor financing.
- Risk Pooling: Spreads individual financial risk among all members through collective management, essential for effective health insurance framework.
- Bismarck Model: Health insurance financed through joint employer-employee payroll deductions, prominent in several European countries.
- Beveridge Model: Funded by government taxation; health care services are universally accessible, exemplified by the UK's NHS.
WHO Health System Framework
- Service Delivery: Health interventions are efficiently and effectively provided with minimized waste.
- Health Workforce: Ensures the workforce operates fairly and efficiently to optimize health outcomes.
- Information: Timely and reliable health data production and dissemination are vital.
- Medical Products: Focus on equitable access to quality medical products and technologies.
- Financing: Involves raising adequate funds to ensure service accessibility while protecting individuals from financial hardships.
- Leadership and Governance: Strategic policy frameworks and effective governance are crucial for system accountability.
Overview of the Philippine Health System
- 1970-2019: Significant health policy developments, including:
- Establishment of a centralized health system; adoption of Primary Health Care Strategy.
- Introduction of various acts promoting health accessibility and affordability, like the Generics Act and Universal Health Care Law.
- Ongoing improvements through reforms and reinforcements aiming for universal health coverage and better service delivery.
Leadership & Governance in Philippine Health System
- The Department of Health (DOH) sets national health policy direction and standards while supporting local government units (LGUs).
- LGUs operate with autonomy, coordinating national health programs under the guidance of the DOH.
- Essential functions of the DOH include developing health policies, enhancing partner capacity, enforcing regulations, and providing specialized care.
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Description
This quiz explores the definition and components of health care systems. Drawing upon key definitions from theorists like Bertalanffy and Roemer, it highlights the interconnections and purposes within health systems. Assess your understanding of the various elements that lead to the effective delivery of health services.
