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Questions and Answers
What is the position of the patient in the Sim's position?
Which of the following is NOT a part of assessing general appearance and behavior of an individual?
What is the name of the framework that evaluates the effects of the mind, body, and environment in relation to a person's ability to perform the tasks of daily living?
What is the name of the pattern that includes the ability to perform daily living tasks?
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What is the sequence of collecting data in the Head to Toe Framework?
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What type of data is collected in the category of 'General health state' in the Head to Toe Framework?
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What is the primary purpose of a health assessment?
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What is the term for examining the body using the sense of touch?
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In which position is the head of the bed elevated at 80-90 degrees angle?
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What is the purpose of routine screening using physical examination?
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What is the term for tapping body parts to produce sounds?
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What is the purpose of a physical examination in relation to hospital admission?
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Which hormone is responsible for decreasing body temperature?
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What is the term for a body temperature above the normal range?
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What type of fever is characterized by fluctuations between periods of fever and periods of normal or subnormal temperature?
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What is the term for the sudden decline of fever indicating impairment of hypothalamic function?
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What is the clinical sign of fever characterized by pale, cold skin and cyanotic nail bed?
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What is the term for a very high fever, specifically above 41°C (105.8°F)?
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What is a common symptom of fever?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system in regulating pulse rate?
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Which of the following factors can increase pulse rate?
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Which pulse site is located in the neck?
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What is the term for the decrease in fever symptoms?
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Which of the following is a possible intervention for a client with fever?
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What is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on cellular metabolisms?
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What is the process of heat transfer from one surface to another through direct contact?
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At what time of day is the body temperature usually at its highest?
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What is an example of convection?
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Why are elderly people at risk of hypothermia?
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What is the process of continuous vaporization of moisture from the skin, oral mucus, and respiratory tract?
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Study Notes
Physical Examination
- Positions in physical examination: • Lithotomy: Back-lying position with feet supported in stirrups • Genupectoral/Knee-Chest: Kneeling position with torso at 90 degrees angle to hips • Lateral/Side-lying position • Sim’s position/Semi prone position • Prone/Face lying position: With the head turned to side; also known as abdominal-lying position
Health Assessment
- Components of health assessment: • Age, sex, race • Body build, height, weight (in relation to client's age, lifestyle, and health) • Posture and gait • Hygiene and grooming • Body and breath odor • Signs of distress • Attitude, affect, and mood • Speech and thought process
Laboratory and Diagnosis
- Specimen used: • Urine • Stool • Blood • Other body secretions
Framework for Health Assessment
- A. Functional Health Framework: • Evaluates the effects of mind, body, and environment on a person's ability to perform daily tasks • Focuses on 11 functional patterns (Gordon): • Health perception and health management • Activity and exercise • Nutrition and metabolisms • Elimination • Sleep and rest • Cognition and perception • Self-perception and self-concept • Roles and relationships • Coping and stress tolerance • Sexuality and reproduction • Values and belief
- B. Head to Toe Framework: • Collects data from head to toe in a cephalo-caudal manner • Focuses on general health state, vital signs, weight, and nutritional status
Body Temperature
- Regulation: • Increases body temperature: progesterone, thyroxine, norepinephrine, epinephrine • Decreases body temperature: estrogen
- Abnormalities: • Pyrexia: Body temperature above normal range (hyperthermia or fever) • Hyperpyrexia: Very high fever (41°C or 105.8°F and above) • Hypothermia: Subnormal core body temperature
Types of Fever
- Intermittent fever: Temperature fluctuates between periods of fever and normal/subnormal temperature
- Remittent fever: Temperature fluctuates within a wide range over 24 hours, but remains above normal
- Relapsing fever: Temperature is elevated for a few days, then returns to normal for 1-2 days
- Constant fever: Body temperature consistently high
Decline of Fever
- Crisis of flush or defervescence stage: Sudden decline of fever, indicating impairment of hypothalamic function
- Lysis: Gradual decline of fever, indicating the body's ability to maintain homeostasis
Clinical Signs of Fever
- Onset (cold or chill stage): • Increased heart rate • Increased respiratory rate and depth • Shivering • Pale, cold skin • Cyanotic nail bed • Complaints of feeling cold • "Goose flesh" appearance of the skin • Cessation of sweating • Rise in body temperature
Health Assessment vs. Physical Examination
- Health Assessment: Collection of data about an individual's health
- Physical Examination: Head-to-toe review of each body system, offering objective information about the client
Purpose of Health Assessment
- To make a clinical judgment or diagnosis about the individual's health state or condition
- To obtain baseline data about the client's functional abilities
Purpose of Physical Examination
- For routine screening to determine client's eligibility for health insurance
- For acquiring a new job
- For client's admission to the hospital
Modes of Examination
- Inspection: Assessing using the sense of sight
- Palpation: Examining the body using the sense of touch
- Percussion: Tapping body parts to produce sounds
- Auscultation: Listening to body sounds with a stethoscope
Processes Involved in Heat Loss
- Radiation: Transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact
- Conduction: Transfer of heat from one surface to another, requiring temperature difference between the two surfaces
- Convection: Dissipation of heat by air currents
- Evaporation: Continuous vaporization of moisture from the skin, oral mucus, and respiratory tract (also known as insensible heat loss)
Factors Affecting Temperature
- Age: Infants' body temperature is affected by the environment; elderly people are at risk of hypothermia
- Diurnal variations: Highest temperature between 8:00 p.m. to 12:00 noon; lowest temperature between 4:00-6:00 a.m.
- Exercise
- Hormones
Pulse
- Definition: A wave created by the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
- Regulation: Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- Factors affecting pulse rate: • Age • Sex/Gender • Exercise • Fever • Medications • Hemorrhage • Stress • Position changes
Pulse Sites
- Temporal
- Carotid
- Apical
- Brachial
- Radial
- Femoral
- Posterior Tibia
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Description
Learn the difference between Health Assessment and Physical Examination in the context of healthcare. Understand the purpose and dimensions of health assessment and how it contributes to clinical judgments and diagnoses.
