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Questions and Answers
What is subjective data?
What is subjective data?
Data that the client states or says, also referred to as symptoms.
What is objective data?
What is objective data?
Observable and measurable data obtained from physical examination or observation.
Which of these options are part of health assessment?
Which of these options are part of health assessment?
What are vital signs?
What are vital signs?
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Underweight is classified as a BMI less than _____?
Underweight is classified as a BMI less than _____?
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What is classified as acute pain?
What is classified as acute pain?
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What is nociceptive pain?
What is nociceptive pain?
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Which breath sounds are categorized under adventitious sounds?
Which breath sounds are categorized under adventitious sounds?
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What is the first heart sound associated with?
What is the first heart sound associated with?
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What changes occur in the thorax during pregnancy?
What changes occur in the thorax during pregnancy?
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What is a symptom's characteristic location?
What is a symptom's characteristic location?
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Study Notes
Subjective Data
- Subjective data is what the client states or says, also known as symptoms
- It includes feelings, perceptions, and concerns
Objective Data
- Objective data is what the healthcare provider observes and measures, also known as signs
- It includes observable and measurable data obtained from observation
Health Assessment
- Health assessment has two parts:
- Health history
- Physical exam
Signs and Symptoms
- Sign: objective abnormality detectable during a physical exam or in lab reports
- Symptom: what the person feels or experiences
Characteristics of a Symptom
- Location
- Character or quality
- Quantity or severity
- Timing
- Setting
- Aggravating or relieving factors
- Associated factors
- Client's perception
Communication Process
-
Sending:
- Verbal communication: the words spoken, vocalizations and tone of voice
- Non-verbal communication: expressions, eye contact, posture, and dress
- Receiving: the receiver interprets the message
Vital Signs
Respiratory Rate
- Neonate: 30-40 bpm
- 1 year: 20-40 bpm
- 2 years: 25-32 bpm
- 4 years: 23-30 bpm
- 8-10 years: 20-26 bpm
- 12-14 years: 18-22 bpm
- 16 years: 12-20 bpm
- Adult: 10-20 bpm
Weight
- Underweight: BMI less than 18.5
- Normal weight: BMI 18.5 to 24.9
- Overweight: BMI 25 to 29.9
- Obese: BMI 30 and over
Pain Assessment
Acute Pain
- Sudden pain
- Often localized
- Often diminishes
- Persistent
Chronic Pain
- Often greater than 3 months
- Pain originates from peripheral and central sensitization of pain pathways
- Tolerance exists while vital signs are not impacted
Sources of Pain
Noiceptive Pain
- Caused by tissue injury, inflammation often involved
- Described as aching or throbbing
- Somatic: Superficial - from skin, deep - from joints, tendons, muscles, or bone
- Visceral: direct injury or stretching of large interior organs, result of tumor, ischemia, or contraction
Neuropathic Pain
- Caused by lesion or disease, results from damage to nerve pathway
- Described as burning or shooting
Classification of Chronic Pain Triggers
-
Noiceptive:
- Postoperative pain
- Arthritis
- Back pain
- Cutaneous
-
Neuropathic:
- Cancer-related
- Diabetic neuropathy
- Phantom limb
Respiratory System
Cough
- Orange phlegm: tuberculosis
- Green phlegm: bacterial infection
- Clear phlegm: viral infection (COVID, influenza)
Objective Data (Anterior and Posterior)
1. Inspection (Looking)
- Position of the client
- Look for symmetry
- Shape and configuration:
- Barrel chest: bulging chest that resembles a barrel, may indicate an underlying condition
- Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest): breastbone is pushed outward
- Pectus excavatum (funnel chest): breastbone is sunken into the chest
- Kyphosis (humpback): forward rounding of the back
- Scoliosis: abnormal curvature of the spine
2. Palpation (Touching) Anterior and Posterior
- Tenderness and sensation
- Chest expansion
- Asymmetrical changes
3. Percussion (Tapping the Surface of the Body) Posterior Only
-
Sounds:
- Resonance: healthy lung tissue
- Hyperresonance: emphysema (progressive chronic lung condition)
- Dullness: pneumonia, tumor
- Flat: bone
4. Auscultation (Hearing) Anterior and Posterior
-
Breath sounds:
- Bronchial breath sounds
- Bronchovesicular breath sounds
- Vesicular breath sounds
-
Adventitious sounds:
- Crackles: pneumonia, CHF, COPD
- Wheeze: asthma
- Pleural friction rub: pneumonia
- Stridor: croup or obstruction
Thorax Variations in Children
- 32 weeks: surfactant is present (a substance that keeps the alveoli in the lungs open)
- Newborn: chest is generally round and assumes adult proportions by age 2
- Chest wall: thin, more yielding and prominent
- Respiratory system: does not function until birth (first breath)
Thorax Variations in Older Adults
- Barrel chest appearance
- Chest wall: may stiffen, and expansion is decreased
- Mucous membranes: become drier
Thorax Variations During Pregnancy
- Chest expansion: increases
- Lung length: decreases
- Deeper breathing
- Increased difficulty breathing: while lying on their back
Subjective Prompts for Children
- Low birth weight or assisted ventilation
- Coughing or possible aspiration
- Difficult feeding
- Apneic episodes
- Sibling crib death
- Recurrent spitting up, recurrent pneumonia
Subjective Prompts for the Elderly
- Exposure and frequency of respiratory infections
- Effects of weather and activity on respiratory status
- Difficulty swallowing
- Immobilization or marked sedentary habits
- Influenza and pneumonia vaccines
Heart & Neck Vessels
Layers of the Heart Wall
- Pericardium: outer layer of fibrous tissue
- Myocardium: middle layer of thick muscle
- Endocardium: inner layer of epithelial cells
Systolic and Diastolic
- Systolic: Heart contracts (pumps blood out)
- Diastolic: Heart relaxes (fills with blood)
Heart Sounds
- First heart sound: from mitral and tricuspid valve closure
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Description
Test your knowledge on health assessment methods, focusing on subjective and objective data. This quiz covers the characteristics of symptoms and signs, as well as the communication processes essential in healthcare. Perfect for nursing students and healthcare professionals.
