Health and Safety Risk Assessment
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following workers commonly use dynamic risk assessments?

  • Financial analysts
  • Office managers
  • IT professionals
  • Retail staff (correct)

    • What type of analysis starts with a top-level event and logically determines its specific causes?

  • Inductive analysis
  • Deductive analysis (correct)
  • Fault tree analysis
  • Hazard analysis

    • What is the primary goal of risk management?

  • To eradicate or minimize the adverse effects of risks (correct)
  • To minimize costs
  • To maximize profits
  • To eliminate all risks

    • What type of cost is perceived later in the future and is difficult to quantify?

    <p>Intangible cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that people compare their perceived risk level with their target level of risk and adjust their behavior accordingly?

    <p>Risk homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for events that do not have an effect on the probability of occurrence of any other event?

    <p>Independent events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using fault tree analysis in risk management?

    <p>Identifying the root causes of a specific event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the first analysis of a product be done?

    <p>During the design phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk assessment in the context of risk management?

    <p>To make decisions and implement control measures to prevent hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer where the secondary agrees to cover all or part of the losses of the primary insurer?

    <p>Reinsurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a hazard in the context of risk management?

    <p>A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; or mission degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing control measures in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the likelihood of hazards occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the portion of risk or amount of insurance that a company chooses not to retain?

    <p>Retrocession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of probability in the context of risk management?

    <p>The likelihood that a given event will occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Human Factors Theory, what are the three broad categories of accident causes?

    <p>Overload, Inappropriate Worker Response, Inappropriate Activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for conducting an Incident Investigation?

    <p>The front-line supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of hazard identification in risk management?

    <p>To examine each work area to identify hazards associated with each job or task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the risk management process?

    <p>To prevent hazards from occurring and minimize their consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that states that accidents/incidents are caused by human error and/or system failure?

    <p>Petersen's Accident/Incident theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of risk in the context of risk management?

    <p>The chance or probability of occurrence of an injury, loss, or a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of Vicarious Liability?

    <p>Assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury but who has a particular legal relationship to the person who did act negligently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?

    <p>Accept and involve the public as a partner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main categories of controls in risk management?

    <p>Educational, physical, and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of risk communication, according to the Seven Cardinal Rules?

    <p>To produce an informed public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>Enhance social responsibility goals and increase productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step in the general process of risk assessment?

    <p>Decide or determine who could be affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NIOSH's second step in conducting occupational risk assessments?

    <p>Assess the exposure-response relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third step in the EPA Human Health Risk Assessment?

    <p>Exposure Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk assessment is used in an environment that could suddenly change?

    <p>Dynamic Risk Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor should be considered when designing a safety program?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Event Tree Analysis (ETA)?

    <p>To explore different responses to challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a system, subsystem, component, or part that departs from its intended design parameters?

    <p>Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Change Analysis?

    <p>To provide formal documentation and feedback of safety analyses performed on changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a single item of hardware, the failure of which would lead directly to loss of life, vehicle, or mission?

    <p>Single failure point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work or accidents?

    <p>Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Fail Safe Operational system?

    <p>To ensure the safest operation for people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Operating and Support Hazard Analysis?

    <p>To identify hazards and recommend risk reduction alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Z-score in statistics?

    <p>To determine the location of a single score in a normal distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using FMEA in conjunction with a Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To analyze each failure event and identify possible failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories of hazards?

    <p>Environmental issues, human and material failure, and inherent properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Poka-yoke manufacturing?

    <p>To prevent or detect errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ANSI/AIHA Z10 standard?

    <p>To establish OSH management systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a chi-square statistic of 0.01 indicate?

    <p>A probability of error of 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for effective control measures in risk management?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Chi-Square test in statistics?

    <p>To test the goodness of fit between observed and expected frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a Fail Safe Passive system?

    <p>Equipment stops operating in a safe state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of insurance, what is the term for the amount of risk that a company chooses to retain?

    <p>Retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Human Factors Theory, what is the category of accident causes that refers to the lack of resources or support?

    <p>Overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of incident investigation, according to the theory of Vicarious Liability?

    <p>To identify the root cause of an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?

    <p>Plan carefully and evaluate your efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using reinsurance in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the amount of risk retained by the company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of hazard identification, according to the Human Factors Theory?

    <p>To identify the hazards that could lead to an accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing control measures, according to the theory of Petersen?

    <p>To reduce the likelihood of an accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk communication, according to the Seven Cardinal Rules?

    <p>To produce an informed public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of safety through design?

    <p>To minimize the risks of injury or damage through hazard analysis and risk assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concept of making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to ionizing radiation as far below the dose limits as practical?

    <p>ALARA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a life care plan?

    <p>To provide a comprehensive report on a person's medical condition and ongoing care requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the level of control required for new criteria pollutant sources in attainment areas?

    <p>BACT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sixth element of an audit process according to ISO 45001?

    <p>Take action to address nonconformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of detective controls in risk management?

    <p>To discover control problems that were not prevented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the regulation of air toxins that changed from substance-specific, health-based standards to industry-specific, technology-based requirements?

    <p>MACT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of preventative controls in risk management?

    <p>To deter problems before they arise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ranking departments from highest composite score to lowest in risk management?

    <p>To allocate funds to achieve the greatest risk reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control is implemented through individual and collective training?

    <p>Educational control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of avoidance controls in risk management?

    <p>To prevent contact or exposure to hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sequence of Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence in risk management?

    <p>The ABCs of Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main category of controls that includes barriers and guards to prevent hazards?

    <p>Physical controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of applying controls in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the risk of hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that work expands to fill the allotted time?

    <p>Parkinson’s Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system safety is characterized by emergency lights?

    <p>Fail Safe Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Z-score in statistics?

    <p>To determine the location of a single score in a normal distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Poka-yoke manufacturing?

    <p>To prevent or detect errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ANSI/AIHA Z10 standard?

    <p>To establish OSH management systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for effective control measures in risk management?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis is used to compare a population mean to a sample mean?

    <p>T-test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work or accidents?

    <p>Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hazard identification in risk management?

    <p>To examine each work area to identify the hazards associated with each job or task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main categories of controls in risk management?

    <p>Educational, physical, and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of risk in the context of risk management?

    <p>The chance or probability of occurrence of an injury, loss, or hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of providing protective clothing, equipment, and safety devices in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the risk of injury or illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of limiting the number of personnel and the amount of time they are exposed to hazards?

    <p>To reduce the risk of injury or illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hazard in the context of risk management?

    <p>A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of risk assessment in risk management?

    <p>To assess the risks associated with each identified hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may the senior supervisor or manager on the project do if the residual levels are too high?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>Reduce costs, including significant reductions in workers' compensation premiums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the general process of risk assessment?

    <p>Identify the hazard or risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk assessment is used in an environment that could suddenly change?

    <p>Dynamic risk assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor should be considered when designing a safety program?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step in NIOSH's three-step process for conducting occupational risk assessments?

    <p>Assess the exposure-response relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third step in the EPA Human Health Risk Assessment?

    <p>Risk Characterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of safety and health programs?

    <p>To prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk refers to risks that are beyond human control and result in a loss or no loss with no possibility of financial gain?

    <p>Pure risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of preventive controls in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the probability of the risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk is taken on voluntarily and can result in a profit or loss?

    <p>Speculative risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of detective controls in risk management?

    <p>To detect the risk before it occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of remedial controls in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the consequences of the risk that has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to managing workplace safety and health?

    <p>Proactive approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>Reduced injuries, illnesses, and deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of descriptive epidemiology?

    <p>To observe outcomes among study groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of effective risk communication?

    <p>To coordinate and collaborate with other credible sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insurance covers incidents that occur during the policy period?

    <p>Occurrence insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an indemnification agreement?

    <p>To protect one party from the risks or liabilities created by the other party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the American Standards for Testing and Materials?

    <p>ASTM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of risk assessment in the context of risk management?

    <p>To identify and prioritize hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of hazard identification in risk management?

    <p>To identify all possible hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of incident investigation?

    <p>To determine the cause of an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer where the secondary agrees to cover all or part of the losses of the primary insurer?

    <p>Reinsurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the vapor pressure of dry ice?

    <p>844 PSIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the National Fire Protection Association?

    <p>NFPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the category of accident causes that refers to the lack of resources or support?

    <p>Overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of risk communication?

    <p>To produce an informed public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of Vicarious Liability?

    <p>Assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of hazard identification?

    <p>To identify and prioritize hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory that states that accidents/incidents are caused by human error and/or system failure?

    <p>Petersen's Accident/Incident Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the Loss Ratio?

    <p>Losses / (E modifier X Manual premium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a Behavior-Based Safety process?

    <p>To identify and remove hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five conditions that increase the likelihood of success in a Safety program?

    <p>Safety Leadership, Established Integrated Safety Management System, Employee Empowerment, Organization's Safety Culture, and Measurement and Accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of consequences have the greatest impact on employee behavior?

    <p>Immediate and positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the seven principles for auditing according to ISO 19011?

    <p>Integrity, Fair presentation, Confidentiality, Due professional care, Independence, Evidence-based approach, and Risk-based approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insurance is for low-probability, high-cost events?

    <p>Catastrophe insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing control measures in risk management?

    <p>To mitigate the consequences of an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the portion of risk that a company chooses not to retain?

    <p>Risk transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ranking departments by their composite score?

    <p>To allocate funds to achieve the greatest risk reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control is implemented through individual and collective training?

    <p>Educational control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of avoidance controls?

    <p>To prevent contact or exposure with the identified hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that refers to the ABCs of Behavior?

    <p>Antecedent Behavior Consequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control may take the form of barriers and guards?

    <p>Physical control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for locating specific hazards in physical controls?

    <p>Special controllers or supervisory personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of safety and health programs in the workplace?

    <p>To prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk can result in a profit or loss?

    <p>Speculative risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of detective controls in risk management?

    <p>To detect potential risks before they occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>Savings, prevention of workplace injuries and illnesses, and reduction of suffering and financial hardship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of remedial controls in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the consequences of risk that has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk is beyond human control and results in a loss or no loss with no possibility of financial gain?

    <p>Pure risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to managing workplace safety and health?

    <p>A proactive approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are non-health and safety benefits of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>Financial savings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles states that work expands to fill the allotted time?

    <p>Parkinson’s Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control is an emergency light, in terms of system safety?

    <p>Fail Safe Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Chi-Square test in statistics?

    <p>To test the goodness of fit between observed and expected frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Poka-yoke manufacturing?

    <p>To prevent or detect errors and defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for effective control measures in risk management?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ANSI/AIHA Z10 standard?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Z-score in statistics?

    <p>To determine the location of a single score in a normal distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a Fail Safe Passive system?

    <p>To prevent accidents and ensure safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between inductive and deductive hazard analysis?

    <p>Inductive is general to specific, while deductive is specific to general</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of system availability in risk management?

    <p>To determine the operable and committable state of an item</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cost is tangible in risk management?

    <p>Direct costs that can be seen instantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Berlo's model used for in risk communication?

    <p>To understand the communication process between the source and receiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk homeostasis theory?

    <p>To maintain a target level of risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between independent and mutually exclusive events?

    <p>Independent events do not have an effect on each other, while mutually exclusive events cannot happen together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using fault tree analysis in risk management?

    <p>To identify the root causes of a top-level event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk management in an organization?

    <p>To minimize the adverse effects of risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a common cause failure analysis?

    <p>To identify a single event or causal factor common to multiple components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of sneak circuit analysis?

    <p>To identify unintended energy routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis method starts from known causes and identifies possible effects?

    <p>Inductive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the Success Rate?

    <p>Successes / attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the critical incident technique?

    <p>To identify errors and unsafe conditions that contribute to accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the Series R failure?

    <p>Sum of R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a preliminary hazard analysis?

    <p>To make informed decisions about product design and manufacture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a system hazard analysis?

    <p>To determine the real and potential hazards within a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risks can be taken on voluntarily and will either result in a profit or loss?

    <p>Speculative risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of safety and health programs?

    <p>To prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these events can cause for workers, their families, and employers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control reduces the consequences of the risk that has occurred?

    <p>Remedial control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>To bring other benefits to employers such as cost savings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of specifying who, what, when, where, and how each control is to be used?

    <p>To develop and implement control measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of societal risk?

    <p>Estimating the chances of people being harmed by an industrial incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing control measures in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the risk to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk refers to risks that are beyond human control and result in a loss or no loss with no possibility of financial gain?

    <p>Pure risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of severity in the context of risk management?

    <p>The degree of undesired consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of a safety and health program?

    <p>To prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these events can cause for workers, their families, and employers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?

    <p>To make judgments on whether further risk reduction measures are reasonably practicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating risk exposure?

    <p>Total risk exposure / total number of units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control reduces the probability of the risk?

    <p>Preventive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk assessment in the context of risk management?

    <p>To make decisions and implement appropriate control measures to prevent hazards from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>To implement a proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT)?

    <p>To determine the causes and contributing factors of an incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hazard identification in risk management?

    <p>To examine each work area to identify the hazards associated with each job or task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for effective control measures in risk management?

    <p>The control measure is reasonably practicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing protective clothing, equipment, and safety devices in risk management?

    <p>To reduce the risk to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of individual risk?

    <p>The probability of a single consequence occurring to an individual in a given year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main categories of controls in risk management?

    <p>Educational controls, physical controls, and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a sneak circuit analysis?

    <p>To determine an unintended energy route that can allow an undesired function to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of analysis method starts from known causes and identifies possible effects?

    <p>Inductive analysis method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of identifying inputs and benefits in a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?

    <p>To enable broad comparisons to be made between health and safety risk reduction measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of limiting the scope of work in risk management?

    <p>To eliminate high-risk tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the Failure Rate?

    <p>1 failure / attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of making the decision to discontinue the project in risk management?

    <p>To avoid the risk of high residual levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a critical incident technique?

    <p>To identify errors and unsafe conditions that contribute to both potential and actual injurious accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a preliminary hazard analysis?

    <p>To make informed decisions about the product's design and manufacture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating the Series R failure?

    <p>R1 + R2 + … + RN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a common cause failure analysis?

    <p>To identify a single event or causal factor common to multiple components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a system hazard analysis?

    <p>To determine the real and potential hazards within a system and suggest ways to reduce and control those hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Retrocession in the context of catastrophe insurance?

    <p>To transfer risk to a secondary insurer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Human Factors Theory, what is the category of accident causes that refers to the actions taken by workers in response to a situation?

    <p>Inappropriate Worker Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for conducting an Incident Investigation, according to the theory of Vicarious Liability?

    <p>The front-line supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?

    <p>To produce an informed public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Reinsurance in the context of catastrophe insurance?

    <p>To provide coverage for losses of the primary insurer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of implementing the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?

    <p>To improve public trust and credibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Retrocession, in relation to Reinsurance?

    <p>To reduce the amount of risk retained by the company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Human Factors Theory, what is the category of accident causes that refers to the lack of resources or support?

    <p>Overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ranking departments from highest to lowest composite score?

    <p>To allocate funds to achieve the greatest risk reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of control is based on the knowledge and skills of employees?

    <p>Educational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of physical controls?

    <p>To warn employees and others of hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of avoidance controls?

    <p>To prevent contact or exposure with hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of ranking departments from highest to lowest composite score?

    <p>To allocate funds to achieve the greatest risk reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Antecedent in the 'ABCs of Behavior'?

    <p>Antecedent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of educational controls?

    <p>To ensure performance to a standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for effective control measures in risk management?

    <p>Ensuring performance to a standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing an ANSI/AIHA Z10 standard?

    <p>To establish OSH management systems to improve employee safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the concept that 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work or accidents?

    <p>Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Fail Safe Operational system?

    <p>To ensure the safest operation for people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a Chi-Square test in statistics?

    <p>To determine the goodness of fit between observed and expected frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Poka-yoke manufacturing system?

    <p>To prevent mistakes and defects in the manufacturing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for effective control measures in risk management?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Z-score in statistics?

    <p>To determine the location of a single score in a normal distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a Fail Safe Passive system?

    <p>To prevent equipment from operating during an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing safety and health programs in businesses?

    <p>To prevent workplace injuries and illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the general process of risk assessment?

    <p>Identify the hazard or risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk assessment is used in an environment that could suddenly change?

    <p>Dynamic risk assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step in NIOSH's three-step process for conducting occupational risk assessments?

    <p>Assess the exposure-response relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of considering psychological factors when designing a safety program?

    <p>To account for individual differences, motivation, emotion, attitude, and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third step in the EPA Human Health Risk Assessment?

    <p>Risk Characterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of implementing safety and health programs in businesses, in terms of costs?

    <p>To reduce costs of workers' compensation premiums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting risk assessments in businesses?

    <p>To identify hazards and take action to eliminate or reduce risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of descriptive epidemiology?

    <p>To observe outcomes among study groups not created experimentally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of occurrence insurance?

    <p>It covers incidents that occur during the policy period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an indemnification agreement?

    <p>To protect one party from the risks or liabilities created by the other party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of coordinating and collaborating with other credible sources in risk communication?

    <p>To increase the credibility of the risk communicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a breadboard and a mock-up?

    <p>A breadboard is a functional prototype, while a mock-up is a non-functional prototype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk communication?

    <p>To provide information about the risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vapor pressure of dry ice?

    <p>844 PSIA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of coordinating and collaborating with other credible sources in risk communication?

    <p>To increase the credibility of the risk communicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Incident Investigation according to the principle of Vicarious Liability?

    <p>To assign liability to the responsible party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?

    <p>To produce an informed public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Human Factors Theory, what is the category of accident causes that refers to the actions of workers?

    <p>Inappropriate Worker Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Retrocession in insurance?

    <p>To transfer risk from a primary insurer to a secondary insurer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the third step in the EPA Human Health Risk Assessment?

    <p>To characterize exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the principle of Vicarious Liability?

    <p>To assign liability to a person who has a legal relationship to the person who acted negligently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of following the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?

    <p>To increase public trust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Petersen's Accident/Incident theory, what is the primary cause of accidents and incidents?

    <p>Human error and system failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the principle that states that 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work or accidents?

    <p>Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system is designed to prevent or detect errors in manufacturing?

    <p>Poka-yoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Fail Safe Operational system?

    <p>To ensure equipment stops operating in an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ANSI/AIHA Z10 standard?

    <p>To establish OSH management systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Z-score in statistics?

    <p>To determine the location of a single score in a normal distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the criteria for effective control measures in risk management?

    <p>Support, Standards, Training, and Leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Poka-yoke manufacturing?

    <p>To prevent or detect errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Chi-Square test used for in statistics?

    <p>To determine the goodness of fit between observed and expected frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of safety and health programs in the workplace?

    <p>To prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk is characterized by events that are beyond human control and result in a loss or no loss with no possibility of financial gain?

    <p>Pure risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of implementing safety and health programs?

    <p>Reduced financial hardship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control reduces the probability of a risk occurring?

    <p>Preventive control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of recommended practices in workplace safety and health?

    <p>To prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of risk can be taken on voluntarily and will either result in a profit or loss?

    <p>Speculative risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of focusing on achieving goals, monitoring performance, and evaluating outcomes in workplace safety and health?

    <p>Progress along the path to higher levels of safety and health achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of including non-health and safety benefits in a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)?

    <p>To offset the duty-holder's costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hazard identification in the context of risk management?

    <p>To identify hazards and assess their risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main categories of controls in risk management?

    <p>Educational, physical, and avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of risk in the context of risk management?

    <p>The chance or probability of occurrence of a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing control measures in risk management?

    <p>To prevent or mitigate the hazards from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of probability in the context of risk management?

    <p>The likelihood that a given event will occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the risk management process?

    <p>To make decisions and implement appropriate control measures to prevent hazards from occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a hazard in the context of risk management?

    <p>A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk assessment in the context of risk management?

    <p>To assess the risks associated with each identified hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of reinsurance?

    <p>To cover all or part of the losses of the primary insurer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the portion of risk or amount of insurance that a company chooses not to retain?

    <p>Retrocession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Human Factors Theory, what categories of accident causes are identified?

    <p>Overload, Inappropriate Worker Response, and Inappropriate Activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for conducting an Incident Investigation?

    <p>The front-line supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication?

    <p>To produce an informed public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle of Vicarious Liability?

    <p>Assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury but has a particular legal relationship to the person who did act negligently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk communication?

    <p>To produce an informed public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Petersen's Accident/Incident theory?

    <p>To identify the causes of accidents/incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of risk management?

    <p>To determine the acceptable level of risk and implement methods to reduce it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Event Tree Analysis (ETA)?

    <p>To identify various possible outcomes of an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a single failure point?

    <p>A single item of hardware that can lead to loss of life, vehicle, or mission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Change Analysis?

    <p>To provide formal documentation and feedback of safety analyses performed on changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories of hazards?

    <p>Environmental issues, human and material failure, and inherent properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a chi-square statistic of 0.01 indicate?

    <p>The result is statistically significant with a probability of error of 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of FMEA?

    <p>To analyze a single failure or a single unit failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Operating and Support Hazard Analysis?

    <p>To identify hazards and recommend risk reduction alternatives in procedurally controlled activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ranking departments by composite score?

    <p>To allocate funds for risk reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control is based on the knowledge and skills of employees?

    <p>Educational control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of supervisors and managers in avoidance controls?

    <p>To take positive action to prevent contact or exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the three-letter acronym that represents the components of behavior?

    <p>The ABCs of Behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ranking departments from highest to lowest composite score?

    <p>To decide where to apply funds for risk reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control involves the use of barriers and guards or signs to warn employees and others?

    <p>Physical control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of educational controls?

    <p>Providing training to employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of individual and collective training in educational controls?

    <p>To ensure performance to a standard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle that states that work expands to fill the time allotted for its completion?

    <p>Parkinson’s Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of system safety is characterized by a 0 energy state, where equipment stops operating, and circuit breakers and fuses are used?

    <p>Fail Safe Passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statistical concept determines the location of a single score in a normal distribution and represents the percentage area under the curve?

    <p>Z score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Poka-yoke manufacturing?

    <p>To prevent or detect errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What standard helps establish an OSH management system to improve employee safety and reduce workplace risks?

    <p>ANSI/AIHA Z10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of implementing control measures in risk management?

    <p>To prevent accidents and minimize losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criteria must be met for control measures to be effective in risk management?

    <p>Support, Standards, Training, and Leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Change Analysis?

    <p>To provide formal documentation and feedback of safety analyses performed on changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a chi-square statistic of 0.01 indicate?

    <p>The result is statistically significant with a probability of error of 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a single item of hardware, the failure of which would lead directly to loss of life, vehicle, or mission?

    <p>Single Failure Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Operating and Support Hazard Analysis?

    <p>To identify hazards and recommend risk reduction alternatives in procedurally controlled activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories of hazards?

    <p>Environmental issues, human and material failure, and inherent properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a system, subsystem, component, or part that departs from its intended design parameters?

    <p>Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Event Tree Analysis (ETA)?

    <p>To explore different responses to challenges and identify various possible outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using FMEA in conjunction with a Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To evaluate a product's safety and analyze each failure event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a system hazard analysis?

    <p>To determine the real and potential hazards within a system and suggest ways to reduce and control them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause failure analysis used to identify?

    <p>A single event or causal factor common to or shared by multiple components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a sneak circuit analysis?

    <p>To determine an unintended energy route that can allow an undesired function to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inductive analysis method?

    <p>A bottom-up method that starts from known causes and identifies possible effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a preliminary hazard analysis?

    <p>To conduct an initial hazard evaluation for making informed decisions about a product's design and manufacture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the critical incident technique aim to identify?

    <p>Errors and unsafe conditions that contribute to potential and actual injurious accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the Success Rate?

    <p>Successes / attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the Failure Rate?

    <p>1 failure / attempts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate Loss Ratio?

    <p>Losses / (E modifier X Manual premium)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Behavior-Based Safety process?

    <p>Extracting behaviors involved in past accidents/incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to modern management theory, what type of consequences have the greatest impact on employee behavior?

    <p>Soon, certain, and positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the seven principles for auditing according to ISO 19011?

    <p>Integrity, Fair presentation, Confidentiality, Due professional care, Independence, Evidence-based approach, Risk-based approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of insurance is for low probability, high-cost events?

    <p>Catastrophe insurance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate Compensation cost?

    <p>Gross / Profit margin %</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the CBA Ratio?

    <p>To measure profitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of extraction of critical behaviors in the Behavior-Based Safety process?

    <p>To develop definitions that describe the safe behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dynamic Risk Assessments

    • Workers who commonly use dynamic risk assessments include emergency service workers, tradespeople, care workers, retail staff, and security operatives.

    Formal Hazard Analysis

    • There are two types of formal hazard analysis: inductive and deductive.
    • Inductive analysis: bottom-up, future, hypothetical based on experience and conclusions; examples include FEMA, FEMCA, and FHA.
    • Deductive analysis: top-down, future behavior concluded from a number of premises; examples include FTA, Fishbone, and General to Specific.

    Cost Types

    • Tangible costs: costs that are seen instantly, such as purchasing products, paying employees, equipment maintenance, and employee salaries.
    • Intangible costs: indirect costs that are not seen but have effects perceived later in the future, such as risk.

    Risk Management

    • Definition: the eradication or minimization of the adverse effects of risks to which an organisation is exposed.
    • Risk homeostasis: theory that people compare their perceived risk level with their target level and adjust their behavior to eliminate any discrepancies.
    • System availability: a measure of the degree to which an item is in an operable and committable state.

    Analysis Techniques

    • Fault tree analysis: an example of deductive analysis that starts with a top-level event and logically determines its specific causes.
    • No single method can be used to completely evaluate a product.

    Control Measures

    • Examples of control measures include:
      • Avoidance of identified hazards
      • Engineering or design to eliminate or control hazards
      • Limiting the number of personnel and the amount of time they are exposed to hazards
      • Providing protective clothing, equipment, and safety devices
      • Providing warning signs and signals

    Risk Management Process

    • Key steps: hazard identification, hazard assessment, development of controls and decision-making, implementation, and supervision and evaluation.
    • Types of controls: educational, physical, and avoidance.

    Insurance

    • Reinsurance: insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer where the secondary agrees to cover all or part of the losses of the primary insurer.
    • Retrocession: the portion of risk or amount of insurance the company chooses not to retain.

    Human Factors Theory

    • David Yates' theory: when quantifying accident causes, there are three broad categories: overload, inappropriate worker response, and inappropriate activities.

    Incident Investigation

    • The front-line supervisor is responsible for conducting an incident investigation.

    Accident/Incident Theory

    • Petersen's theory: causes of accidents/incidents are human error and/or system failure.

    Vicarious Liability

    • Assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury but who has a particular legal relationship to the person who did act negligently.

    Risk Communication

    • Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication (Covello and Allen 1988):
      • Accept and involve the public as a partner.
      • Plan carefully and evaluate your efforts.
      • Listen to the public's specific concerns.
      • Be honest, frank, and open.
      • Work with other credible sources.
      • Meet the needs of the media.
      • Speak clearly and with compassion.

    Principles and Concepts

    • Peter Principle: people are promoted to their level of incompetence
    • Parkinson's Principle: work expands to fill allotted time
    • Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution: "80/20" Rule, where 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work/accidents

    System Safety

    • Fail Safe Passive: equipment stops operating when it fails, e.g. circuit breakers and fuses
    • Fail Safe Active: emergency systems that continue to function during a failure, e.g. emergency lights
    • Fail Safe Operational: design that prioritizes safety, e.g. feed water valve, co-pilot, and autopilot

    Statistical Concepts

    • Z score (Z): determines the location of a single score in a normal distribution, and the percentage of area under the curve
    • T-test (t): compares the population mean to a sample mean, typically used for data sets with less than 30 samples
    • Chi Square (X2): measures the "goodness of fit" between observed and expected frequencies, often used with frequency tables

    Standard Deviation

    • 1 SD: +/- 68%
    • 2 SD: +/- 95%
    • 3 SD: +/- 99.7%

    Poka Yoke

    • A Japanese term that means "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention"
    • A mechanism that helps prevent or detect errors in a process

    Process Safety Management

    • ANSI/AIHA Z10: a standard that helps establish OSH management systems to improve employee safety, reduce workplace risks, and create a better working environment
    • Similar to OHSAS 18001, except for policy

    Criteria for Controls

    • Support: availability of adequate personnel, equipment, supplies, and facilities
    • Standards: clear, practical, and specific guidance and procedures
    • Training: adequate knowledge and skills to implement controls
    • Leadership: competent supervisors and managers to implement controls
    • Individual: safety and health programs that help businesses prevent workplace injuries and illnesses, improve compliance, reduce costs, engage workers, and enhance social responsibility

    Risk Assessment and Management

    • All risk assessments follow a general process: identify hazards, determine who could be affected, assess how they might be affected, record the results, and review the results regularly
    • NIOSH's three-step process for conducting occupational risk assessments: identify hazards, assess exposure-response relationships, and characterize workplace risks
    • EPA's Human Health Risk Assessment: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization
    • Types of risk assessment: generic, specific, and dynamic
    • Dynamic risk assessment: an ongoing process that identifies hazards, assesses risk, takes action, monitors, and reviews in rapidly changing circumstances

    Risk Analysis Techniques

    • Event tree analysis (ETA): an inductive technique that explores different responses to "challenges"
    • Naked man: a technique that envisions a "primitive" or unprotected system and evaluates the effect of adding controls
    • Six-step process to analyze and control human errors: select an event, identify tasks, separate behaviors, assign basic error rates, and more
    • Change analysis: a technique that provides formal documentation and feedback of safety analyses performed on changes throughout the life cycle
    • FMEA: a technique used to analyze a single failure or a single unit failure, often used with fault tree analysis
    • Failure: when a system, subsystem, component, or part departs from its intended design parameters

    Insurance and Liability

    • Reinsurance: the insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer, where the secondary insurer covers all or part of the losses of the primary insurer
    • Retrocession: the portion of risk or amount of insurance that a company chooses not to retain
    • Catastrophe insurance: a type of insurance that covers losses due to catastrophic events
    • Vicarious liability: assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury, but who has a particular legal relationship to the person who did act negligently

    Human Factors and Incident Investigation

    • David Yates' Human Factors Theory: three broad categories of accident causes - overload, inappropriate worker response, and inappropriate activities
    • Petersen's Accident/Incident Theory: causes of accidents/incidents are human error and/or system failure
    • Front-line supervisors are responsible for conducting incident investigations
    • Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication: accept and involve the public, plan carefully, listen to concerns, be honest, work with credible sources, meet the needs of the media, and speak clearly and with compassion

    Safety Through Design

    • Defined as the integration of hazard analysis and risk assessment methods early in the design and engineering stages
    • As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) and As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) promote a management review to achieve acceptable risk levels
    • Best Available Control Technology (BACT) requires the use of the most effective controls for new sources in attainment areas
    • Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) is used to reduce emissions from major hazardous air pollutants (HAP) sources

    Risk Management and Safety

    • The goal of risk management is to help managers decide where to apply funds to achieve the greatest risk reduction, and departments should be ranked from highest composite score to lowest.
    • The ABCs of Behavior: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

    Types of Controls

    • Controls can be categorized into three main categories: educational, physical, and avoidance.
    • Educational controls: based on knowledge and skills of employees, implemented through individual and collective training to ensure performance to a standard.
    • Physical controls: include barriers, guards, signs, special controllers, and supervisory personnel to warn employees and prevent hazards.
    • Avoidance controls: involve taking positive action to prevent contact or exposure with identified hazards.

    System Safety

    • Fail Safe Passive: equipment stops operating, e.g. circuit breakers and fuses
    • Fail Safe Active: emergency lights
    • Fail Safe Operational: safest for people, e.g. feed water valve, co-pilot, autopilot

    Statistics

    • Z-score (Z): determines the location of a single score in a normal distribution, percentage area under the curve
    • T-test (t): compares population mean to sample mean, used for data sets < 30
    • Chi Square (X2): measures "goodness of fit" between observed and expected frequencies
    • Standard Deviation (SD):
      • 1 SD: +/-68%
      • 2 SD: +/-95%
      • 3 SD: +/-99.7%

    Poka Yoke and Process Safety Management

    • Poka Yoke: Japanese term meaning "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention", used to prevent or detect errors in manufacturing processes
    • Process Safety Management: used in materials, construction, piping, and electrical industries to improve employee safety and reduce workplace risks

    Criteria for Controls

    • Support: availability of personnel, equipment, supplies, and facilities
    • Standards: clear, practical, and specific guidance and procedures
    • Training: adequate knowledge and skills to implement controls
    • Leadership: competent supervisors and managers
    • Individual: self-disciplined employees

    Control Measures

    • Avoidance of identified hazards
    • Engineering or design to eliminate or control hazards
    • Limiting exposure to hazards
    • Providing protective clothing, equipment, and safety devices
    • Providing warning signs and signals

    Risk Management

    • Risk: chance or probability of occurrence of an injury, loss, or hazard
    • Risk assessment: process of assessing risks associated with identified hazards to make decisions and implement controls
    • Hazard: condition with potential to cause injury, illness, or death, damage to equipment or property, or mission degradation
    • Hazard identification: process of examining work areas to identify hazards associated with each job or task
    • Probability: likelihood of an event occurring
    • Severity: degree of undesired consequences

    Risk Management Process

    • Five basic steps:
      1. Hazard identification
      2. Hazard assessment
      3. Development of controls and decision-making
      4. Implementation
      5. Supervision and evaluation

    Residual Risk

    • Preventive controls: reduce probability of risk
    • Detective controls: reduce likelihood of risk occurrence or consequences
    • Remedial controls: reduce consequences of risk that has occurred

    Pure and Speculative Risk

    • Pure risk: risks beyond human control, resulting in a loss or no loss, e.g. natural disasters
    • Speculative risk: risks taken on voluntarily, resulting in profit or loss, e.g. gambling

    Safety and Health Programs

    • Main goal: prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths
    • Recommended practices: proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health, starting with basic programs and simple goals
    • Benefits of implementing safety and health programs:
      • Prevent workplace injuries and illnesses
      • Improve compliance with laws and regulations
      • Reduce costs, including workers' compensation premiums
      • Engage workers
      • Enhance social responsibility goals
      • Increase productivity and enhance overall business operations

    Catastrophe Insurance

    • Reinsurance is an insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer where the secondary agrees to cover all or part of the losses of the primary insurer.
    • Retrocession is the portion of risk or amount of insurance that the company chooses not to retain.

    Human Factors Theory

    • The Human Factors Theory by David Yates categorizes accident causes into three broad categories: Overload, Inappropriate Worker Response, and Inappropriate Activities.

    Incident Investigation

    • The front-line supervisor is responsible for conducting an Incident Investigation.

    Accident/Incident Theory

    • Petersen's Accident/Incident theory states that causes of accidents/incidents are human error and/or system failure.

    Vicarious Liability

    • Vicarious Liability assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury but who has a particular legal relationship to the person who did act negligently.

    Risk Communication

    • The Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication are:
      • Accept and involve the public as a partner.
      • Plan carefully and evaluate your efforts.
      • Listen to the public's specific concerns.
      • Be honest, frank, and open.
      • Work with other credible sources.
      • Meet the needs of the media.
      • Speak clearly and with compassion.

    Risk Calculation

    • Compensation cost is calculated as gross / Profit margin %.
    • Loss ratio is calculated as losses / (E modifier X Manual premium).
    • CBA Ratio is calculated as Benefits / Cost.

    Experience Modification Rate

    • An experience modification rate less than 1 is considered very good.

    Behavior-Based Safety Process

    • Steps involved in the Behavior-Based Safety process:
      • Form assessment team(s)
      • Extract behaviors that were involved in past accidents/incidents
      • Develop definitions that describe the safe behavior
      • Compile datasheet using identified behaviors
      • Determine observation boundaries
      • Train observers
      • Gather data
      • Determine barrier removal process
      • Form barrier removal teams

    Conditions for Success

    • Five conditions that dramatically increase the likelihood of success:
      • Safety Leadership
      • Established Integrated Safety Management System
      • Employee Empowerment and Participation in Safety
      • Organization's Safety Culture
      • Measurement and Accountability

    Resources for Extraction of Critical Behaviors

    • Resources used for extraction of critical behaviors include:
      • Accident / Incident Reports
      • Job Safety Analysis, Job Hazard Analysis, and PPE Assessments
      • Task Observations
      • Employee Interviews
      • Brainstorming

    Consequences

    • Consequences have the greatest impact on employee behavior when they are:
      • Soon
      • Certain
      • Positive

    Modern Management Theory

    • Modern management theory recognizes that consequences must be:
      • Positive or negative
      • Immediate or future
      • Certain or uncertain

    ISO 19011

    • The seven principles for auditing according to ISO 19011 are:
      • Integrity
      • Fair presentation
      • Confidentiality
      • Due professional care
      • Independence
      • Evidence-based approach
      • Risk-based approach

    Insurance

    • Occurrence insurance covers incidents that occur during the policy period.
    • Claims-made insurance covers incidents based on the date that the insured becomes aware of the claim and notifies the insurance carrier.

    Miscellaneous

    • ASTM International stands for American Standards for Testing and Materials.
    • ANSI stands for American National Standards Institute.
    • NFPA stands for National Fire Protection Association.
    • IARC stands for International Agency for Research on Cancer.
    • Dry ice has a vapor pressure of 844 PSIA.
    • An indemnification agreement is a contract that protects one party of a transaction from the risks or liabilities created by the other party of the transaction.

    Risk Management and Controls

    • The goal of ranking departments by composite score is to help managers decide where to apply funds to achieve the greatest risk reduction.
    • The ABCs of Behavior: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence.

    Types of Controls

    • Educational controls: based on knowledge and skills of employees, implemented through individual and collective training.
    • Physical controls: include barriers, guards, signs, and special controllers or supervisory personnel.
    • Avoidance controls: involve supervisors and managers taking positive action to prevent contact or exposure with identified hazards.

    Management Principles

    • Peter Principle: people are promoted to their level of incompetence.
    • Parkinson’s Principle: work expands to fill allotted time.
    • Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution (80/20 Rule): 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work and accidents.

    System Safety

    • Fail Safe Passive: equipment stops operating, e.g., circuit breakers and fuses.
    • Fail Safe Active: emergency lights.
    • Fail Safe Operational: safest for people, e.g., feed water valve, co-pilot, autopilot.

    Statistics

    • Z-score (Z): determines the location of a single score in a normal distribution, and provides the % area under the curve.
    • T-test (t): compares population mean to sample mean (used for data sets < 30), e.g., compares two groups.
    • Chi Square (X2): measures "goodness of fit" between observed and expected values, usually in a frequency table.

    Poka Yoke

    • Poka yoke is a Japanese term meaning "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention".
    • It involves mechanisms in a process that help operators avoid mistakes and defects.

    Process Safety Management

    • ANSI/AIHA Z10: a standard that helps establish OSH management systems to improve employee safety, reduce workplace risks, and create a better working environment.

    Criteria for Controls

    • Support: availability of adequate personnel, equipment, supplies, and facilities.
    • Standards: clear, practical, and specific guidance and procedures.
    • Training: adequate knowledge and skills to implement a control.
    • Leadership: competent supervisors and managers to implement control.
    • Individual: health and safety benefits, and non-health and safety benefits (savings) that should be included in the CBA as an offset to the duty-holders' costs.

    Risk Categories

    • Pure risk: risks beyond human control that result in a loss or no loss with no possibility of financial gain, e.g., fires, floods, natural disasters.
    • Speculative risk: risks taken on voluntarily that can result in a profit or loss, e.g., gambling.

    Safety and Health Programs

    • The main goal is to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths, and the suffering and financial hardship that can result.
    • Recommended practices use a proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health.

    Dynamic Risk Assessments

    • Used by emergency service workers, tradespeople, care workers, retail staff, and security operatives.

    Formal Hazard Analysis

    • Inductive analysis: bottom-up, future, and hypothetical, based on experience and observations, e.g., FEMA, FEMCA, FHA.
    • Deductive analysis: top-down, future behavior concluded from premises, e.g., FTA, Fishbone.

    Berlo's Model

    • Source --- Message --- Channel --- Receiver.

    Cost Classification

    • Tangible cost: seen instantly, e.g., purchasing products, paying employees.
    • Intangible cost: not seen but its effects are perceived later, e.g., risk, which can be subjective or numerical.

    Risk Management

    • Eradication or minimization of the adverse effects of risks to which an organization is exposed.
    • Risk homeostasis: theory that people adjust their behavior to eliminate discrepancies between perceived and target levels of risk.

    System Availability

    • A measure of the degree to which an item is in an operable and committable state.

    Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events

    • Independent events do not affect the probability of other events.
    • Mutually exclusive events cannot happen together.

    Analysis Techniques

    • Fault tree analysis: a deductive analysis that determines specific causes of a top-level event.
    • System hazard analysis: a formal analysis to identify hazards within a system and suggest ways to reduce and control them.
    • Common cause failure analysis: identifies a single event or causal factor common to multiple components.
    • Sneak circuit analysis: determines unintended energy routes that can allow undesired functions to occur.
    • FMEA (inductive analysis) and FTA (deductive analysis) are used to identify possible effects and causes, respectively.

    Preliminary Hazard Analysis

    • A technique used to conduct an initial hazard evaluation to make informed decisions about a product's design and manufacture.

    Success and Failure Rates

    • Success Rate = successes / attempts
    • Failure Rate = 1 failure / attempts

    Critical Incident Technique

    • Identifies errors and unsafe conditions that contribute to potential and actual injurious accidents within a population.

    Control Measures

    • Employees are expected to implement control measures to reduce risks, including avoidance of hazards, engineering or design to eliminate hazards, limiting personnel exposure, providing protective equipment, and warning signs.

    Risk Management

    • Risk is defined as the probability of an injury, loss, or hazard occurring.
    • Risk assessment is the process of evaluating risks associated with identified hazards to implement appropriate control measures.
    • Hazard is a condition that can cause injury, illness, or death, or damage to equipment or property.
    • Hazard identification involves examining each work area to identify hazards associated with each job or task.
    • Probability is the likelihood of an event occurring, while severity is the degree of undesired consequences.
    • The five basic steps in the risk management process are hazard identification, hazard assessment, development of controls and decision-making, implementation, and supervision and evaluation.

    Types of Controls

    • There are three main categories of controls: educational, physical, and avoidance.

    Key Elements of Risk Management

    • A key element of developing control measures is to specify who, what, when, where, and how each control is to be used.
    • A key element of risk decision is determining if the risk is justified.
    • Critical check for control implementation is to ensure that controls are converted into clear, simple instructions.

    Risk Exposure

    • Total risk exposure is the total number of dollars estimated to be at risk as a result of a particular hazard being evaluated.
    • Societal risk is the estimation of the chances of people being harmed by an industrial incident.
    • Individual risk is the probability of a single consequence occurring to an individual in a given year.

    Risk Analysis

    • Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) is an analytical procedure for determining causes and contributing factors.
    • Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a method used to identify possible causes of a failure.
    • CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) helps duty holders make judgments on whether further risk reduction measures are reasonably practicable.

    Types of Risk

    • Pure risk refers to risks that are beyond human control and result in a loss or no loss with no possibility of financial gain.
    • Speculative risk is a category of risk that can be taken on voluntarily and will either result in a profit or loss.

    Safety and Health Programs

    • The main goal of safety and health programs is to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these events can cause.
    • Recommended practices use a proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health.

    System Hazard Analysis

    • System hazard analysis is a formal analysis of a system and its interrelationships to determine the real and potential hazards within the system.

    Failure Analysis

    • Common cause failure analysis is an analysis technique used to identify a single event or causal factor common to multiple components.
    • Sneak circuit analysis is a technique used to determine an unintended energy route that can allow an undesired function to occur.

    Inductive and Deductive Analysis

    • Inductive analysis methods start from known causes and identify possible effects.
    • Deductive analysis methods start from known effects and seek possible causes.

    Preliminary Hazard Analysis

    • Preliminary hazard analysis is a technique used to conduct an initial hazard evaluation that can then be used to make informed decisions about the product's design and manufacture.

    Failure Rate and Success Rate

    • Failure rate is the ratio of the number of failures to the total number of attempts.
    • Success rate is the ratio of the number of successes to the total number of attempts.

    Critical Incident Technique

    • Critical incident technique is a method of identifying errors and unsafe conditions that contribute to both potential and actual injurious accidents.

    Insurance

    • Reinsurance is the insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer where the secondary agrees to cover all or part of the losses of the primary insurer.
    • Retrocession is the portion of risk or amount of insurance that the company chooses not to retain.

    Human Factors Theory

    • David Yates' Human Factors Theory categorizes accident causes into three broad categories: overload, inappropriate worker response, and inappropriate activities.

    Incident Investigation

    • The front-line supervisor is responsible for conducting an Incident Investigation.

    Petersen's Accident/Incident Theory

    • Causes of accidents/incidents are human error and/or system failure.

    Vicarious Liability

    • Assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury but who has a particular legal relationship to the person who did act negligently.

    Risk Communication

    • The Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication by Covello and Allen (1988) emphasize the importance of involving the public, planning carefully, listening to concerns, and being honest and compassionate.

    Risk Management and Controls

    • Departments should be ranked from highest composite score to lowest to determine where to apply funds to achieve the greatest risk reduction.
    • The ABCs of Behavior: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence.

    Types of Controls

    • Educational controls: based on knowledge and skills of employees, implemented through individual and collective training to ensure performance to a standard.
    • Physical controls: barriers, guards, signs, special controllers, or supervisory personnel to prevent hazards.
    • Avoidance controls: supervisors and managers take positive action to prevent contact or exposure with identified hazards.

    Principles and Concepts

    • Peter Principle: people promoted to their level of incompetence.
    • Parkinson's Principle: work expands to fill allotted time.
    • Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution: 20% of employees responsible for 80% of work/accidents (80/20 rule).

    System Safety

    • Fail Safe Passive: equipment stops operating in a 0 energy state (e.g., circuit breakers, fuses).
    • Fail Safe Active: emergency systems (e.g., emergency lights).
    • Fail Safe Operational: safest for people (e.g., feed water valve, co-pilot, autopilot).

    Statistical Concepts

    • Z score (Z): determines the location of a single score in a normal distribution.
    • T-test (t): compares population mean to sample mean (data sets < 30).
    • Chi Square (X2): goodness of fit between observed and expected (frequency table).
    • Standard Deviation (SD): 1 SD = +/-68%, 2 SD = +/-95%, 3 SD = +/-99.7%.

    Poka Yoke and Process Safety Management

    • Poka Yoke: Japanese term for "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention".
    • Process Safety Management: used in materials, construction, piping, and electrical to prevent or detect errors.

    Criteria for Controls and Safety Programs

    • Criteria for effective controls: support, standards, training, leadership, and individual safety and health.
    • Safety programs help businesses: prevent workplace injuries, improve compliance, reduce costs, engage workers, enhance social responsibility, and increase productivity.

    Risk Assessment

    • All risk assessments follow the general steps: identify hazard, decide who could be affected, assess how they might be affected, record results, and review results.
    • NIOSH's three-step process: identify hazard, assess exposure-response relationship, and characterize workplace risk.
    • EPA Human Health Risk Assessment: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization.

    Types of Risk Assessment Applications

    • Generic vs. specific vs. dynamic risk assessments.
    • Dynamic risk assessment: continuous process of identifying hazards, assessing risk, and taking action to eliminate or reduce risk.

    Other Concepts

    • Descriptive epidemiology: observation of outcomes among study groups, followed by an examination of dose-response relationships.
    • ASTM International: American Standards for Testing and Materials.
    • ANSI: American National Standards Institute.
    • NFPA: National Fire Protection Association.
    • IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer.

    Risk Communication

    • Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication:
      1. Accept and involve the public as a partner.
      2. Plan carefully and evaluate efforts.
      3. Listen to the public's specific concerns.
      4. Be honest, frank, and open.
      5. Work with other credible sources.
      6. Meet the needs of the media.
      7. Speak clearly and with compassion.

    Insurance and Liability

    • Occurrence insurance: covers incidents that occur during the policy period.
    • Claims-made insurance: covers incidents based on the date the insured becomes aware of the claim and notifies the insurance carrier.
    • Reinsurance: insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer.
    • Retrocession: the portion of risk or amount of insurance the company chooses not to retain.
    • Indemnification agreement: a contract that protects one party of a transaction from the risks or liabilities created by the other party.

    Human Factors and Accident Theories

    • Human Factors Theory by David Yates: three broad categories of accident causes: overload, inappropriate worker response, and inappropriate activities.
    • Petersen's Accident/Incident theory: causes of accidents/incidents are human error and/or system failure.
    • Vicarious liability: assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury but who has a particular legal relationship to the person who did act negligently.

    Management Principles

    • Peter Principle: people are promoted to their level of incompetence
    • Parkinson’s Principle: work expands to fill the allotted time
    • Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution (80/20 Rule): 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work and accidents

    System Safety

    • Fail Safe Passive: equipment stops operating in 0 energy state, using circuit breakers and fuses
    • Fail Safe Active: emergency lights
    • Fail Safe Operational: safest for people, using feed water valve, co-pilot, and autopilot

    Statistics

    • Z score (Z): determines the location of a single score in a normal distribution, showing the % area under the curve
    • T-test (t): compares population mean to sample mean, used for data sets < 30
    • Chi Square (X2): determines the "goodness of fit" between observed and expected, often used in frequency tables
    • Standard Deviation (SD):
      • 1 SD: +/-68%
      • 2 SD: +/-95%
      • 3 SD: +/-99.7%

    Error Prevention

    • Poka yoke manufacturing: "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention" to prevent or detect errors
    • ANSI/AIHA Z10: standard for establishing OSH management systems to improve employee safety and reduce workplace risks

    Control Measures

    • Criteria for Controls:
      • Support: availability of personnel, equipment, and facilities
      • Standards: clear, practical, and specific guidance and procedures
      • Training: adequate knowledge and skills
      • Leadership: competent supervisors and managers
      • Individual: self-disciplined employees
    • Examples of control measures:
      • Avoiding identified hazards
      • Engineering or designing to eliminate or control hazards
      • Limiting personnel exposure to hazards
      • Providing protective clothing and equipment
      • Providing warning signs and signals

    Risk Management

    • Risk: chance or probability of injury, loss, or hazard
    • Risk assessment: process of assessing risks to make decisions and implement control measures
    • Hazard: condition with potential to cause injury, illness, or death, or mission degradation
    • Hazard identification: process of examining work areas to identify hazards
    • Probability: likelihood of an event occurring
    • Severity: degree of undesired consequences
    • Types of controls:
      • Educational
      • Physical
      • Avoidance
    • Residual risk: preventive, detective, and remedial controls
      • Preventive: reducing probability of risk
      • Detective: reducing likelihood of risk occurrence
      • Remedial: reducing consequences of risk
    • Pure risk: risks beyond human control, resulting in loss or no loss with no financial gain
    • Speculative risk: voluntary risk that can result in profit or loss

    Safety and Health Programs

    • Main goal: preventing workplace injuries, illnesses, and deaths
    • Recommended practices:
      • Proactive approach to managing workplace safety and health
      • Focusing on achieving goals, monitoring performance, and evaluating outcomes

    Risk Analysis Techniques

    • Chi-square statistic: measures probability of error
    • Event tree analysis (ETA): explores different responses to challenges
    • Naked man technique: evaluates effect of adding controls to a primitive system
    • Six-step process to analyze and control human errors
    • Change analysis: provides formal documentation and feedback of safety analyses on changes
    • Uncertainty of risk: exposure, consequence, and likelihood
    • Categories of hazards:
      • Environmental issues
      • Human and material failure
      • Inherent properties
    • FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis): analyzes single failure or single unit failure
    • FTA (Fault Tree Analysis): evaluates a product's safety
    • ETA: method for identifying possible outcomes

    Human Factors Theory

    • David Yates' theory: quantifying accident causes into three categories
      • Overload
      • Inappropriate worker response
      • Inappropriate activities

    Accident Investigation

    • Front-line supervisor is responsible for conducting an incident investigation
    • Petersen's Accident/Incident theory: causes of accidents/incidents are human error and/or system failure

    Liability

    • Vicarious liability: assigns liability for an injury to a person who did not cause the injury but has a legal relationship to the person who acted negligently
    • Reinsurance: insurance between a primary insurer and secondary insurer, covering all or part of the losses
    • Retrocession: portion of risk or amount of insurance the company chooses not to retain

    Risk Communication

    • Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication (Covello and Allen 1988)
      • Accept and involve the public as a partner
      • Plan carefully and evaluate efforts
      • Listen to the public's specific concerns
      • Be honest, frank, and open
      • Work with other credible sources
      • Meet the needs of the media
      • Speak clearly and with compassion

    Risk Reduction and Controls

    • Departments should be ranked from highest composite score to lowest to achieve the greatest risk reduction.
    • The ABCs of Behavior: Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence.
    • Types of controls: educational, physical, and avoidance.

    Control Categories

    • Educational controls: based on knowledge and skills, implemented through individual and collective training.
    • Physical controls: barriers and guards, signs, special controllers, and supervisory personnel.
    • Avoidance controls: supervisors and managers taking positive action to prevent contact or exposure with hazards.

    Management Principles

    • Peter Principle: people are promoted to their level of incompetence.
    • Parkinson’s Principle: work expands to fill allotted time.
    • Pareto Principle of Mal-distribution: 20% of employees are responsible for 80% of work/accidents.

    System Safety

    • Fail-Safe concepts: Passive (0 energy state, circuit breakers, and fuses), Active (emergency lights), Operational (safest for people, feed water valve, co-pilot, autopilot).

    Statistics

    • Z score (Z): determines the location of a single score in the normal distribution, % area under the curve.
    • T-test (t): compares population mean to sample mean, used for data sets < 30.
    • Chi Square (X2): "goodness of fit" between observed and expected, usually for frequency tables.

    Poka-Yoke and Process Safety Management

    • Poka-Yoke: mistake-proofing or inadvertent error prevention, used in manufacturing to prevent or detect errors.
    • Process Safety Management: used in materials, construction, piping, and electrical, helps establish OSH management systems.

    Criteria for Controls

    • Support: availability of personnel, equipment, supplies, and facilities.
    • Standards: clear, practical, and specific guidance and procedures.
    • Training: adequate knowledge and skills.
    • Leadership: competent supervisors and managers.
    • Individual: risk management determines acceptable risk and methods for reduction.

    Analysis Techniques

    • Event Tree Analysis (ETA): explores different responses to "challenges".
    • Naked Man Technique: envisions a "primitive" or unprotected system and evaluates the effect of adding controls.
    • Change Analysis: formal documentation and feedback of safety analyses performed on changes.
    • Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA): analyzes single failure or unit failure, often used with Fault Tree Analysis.
    • Operating and Support Hazard Analysis: identifies hazards and recommends risk reduction alternatives.
    • Single Failure Point: a single item of hardware, failure of which would lead to loss of life, vehicle, or mission.

    Safety and Hazard Analysis

    • System Hazard Analysis: formal analysis of a system and its interrelationships to determine hazards and suggest ways to reduce them.
    • Common Cause Failure Analysis: identifies a single event or causal factor common to multiple components.
    • Sneak Circuit Analysis: determines unintended energy routes that can allow undesired functions to occur.
    • Inductive analysis methods: start from known causes and identify possible effects (FMEA).
    • Deductive analysis methods: start from known effects and seek possible causes (FTA).

    Safety Management

    • Preliminary Hazard Analysis: initial hazard evaluation, used at the beginning stages of product development.
    • Success Rate: successes / attempts.
    • Failure Rate: 1 failure / attempts.
    • Series R failure: sum of R.
    • Parallel failure: R1XR2…..RN.

    Safety Performance Metrics

    • Compensation cost: gross /Profit margin %.
    • Loss ratio: losses /(E modifier X Manual premium).
    • CBA Ratio: Benefits /Cost, should be above 1.

    Behavior-Based Safety

    • Process: form assessment teams, extract behaviors involved in past accidents, develop definitions, compile datasheets, determine observation boundaries, train observers, gather data, and determine barrier removal process.
    • Five conditions for success: Safety Leadership, Established Integrated Safety Management System, Employee Empowerment and Participation in Safety, Organization’s Safety Culture, and Measurement and Accountability.

    Auditing Principles

    • ISO 19011: seven principles for auditing, including Integrity, Fair presentation, Confidentiality, Due professional care, Independence, Evidence-based approach, and Risk-based approach.

    Insurance

    • Insurance for low probability, high-cost events.

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    Related Documents

    Risk Management: Domain 3 PDF

    Description

    Identify and understand the different types of risk assessments, including dynamic risk assessments used by various workers and formal hazard analysis methods such as inductive and deductive approaches.

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