Health and Medical Threats in Combat

Questions and Answers

What does a health threat refer to?

Individual soldier's health

What does a medical threat refer to?

All potential or continuing enemy actions and environmental situations that affect the combat effectiveness of friendly forces

What are disease and non-battle injuries (DNBIs)?

Not a battle casualty, but a loss to his organization

What is risk management?

5 step process to identify and control hazards Signup and view all the answers

What is risk assessment?

The identification and assessment of hazards (first 2 steps in the risk management process) Signup and view all the answers

What are FST requirements?

To unit field sanitation teams (primary/alternate). At least 2 personnel, (one NCO) on each team. A medical personnel if available. Must be trained and certified, no less than six months time remaining with unit. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four major medical threats?

Heat, cold, arthropod, diarrheal Signup and view all the answers

What are three minor medical threats?

Toxic industrial materials (TIMS), noise, pest Signup and view all the answers

Which medical threat is the most lethal?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for Preventable Medicine Measures (PMM)?

First, the individual soldier is responsible for putting individual PMM into practice; Second, the commander is responsible for implementing and enforcing PMM; Third, FST is responsible for advising the commander and training the unit's soldiers. Signup and view all the answers

What are three protection methods against disease-bearing insects?

<ol> <li>Keep your uniform and body as clean as possible; 2) Properly use repellents; 3) Probably wear the uniform.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is palatable water?

Water that looks, smells, and tastes good Signup and view all the answers

What is potable water?

Fit for human consumption Signup and view all the answers

What does chlorine residual refer to?

Amount of chlorine left in the water after chlorine demand has taken effect Signup and view all the answers

What are the rules of water discipline?

<ol> <li>Drink approved water only; 2) Prevent water waste; 3) Protect water sources with good sanitary practices.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four water sources?

<ol> <li>Surface water; 2) Groundwater; 3) Rainwater, ice, and snow; 4) Sea water</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four methods of water treatment?

<ol> <li>Coagulation and sedimentation; 2) Filtration; 3) Disinfection; 4) Chlorine treatment.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contact time of chlorine treatment?

30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the chlorine residual at the point of production and distribution?

2 ppm Signup and view all the answers

What is the chlorine residual at the point of consumption?

1 ppm Signup and view all the answers

What is the procedure for re-chlorinating a full 400-gallon trailer?

<ol> <li>Make 5 half gram spoonfuls of calcium hydrochlorate from the 6-ounce bottle with one-half canteen cup of water; 2) Mix and then add water; 3) Mix with a clean stick, then flush the four traps; 4) Wait 10 minutes, flush the traps again and check chlorine residual.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature danger zone?

41 to 134 F Signup and view all the answers

What are the five bacteria that cause most foodborne illnesses?

Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus Signup and view all the answers

What are the five sources of food contamination?

<ol> <li>Biological hazards; 2) Chemical hazards; 3) Physical hazards; 4) Cross-contamination; 5) Unsafe food handling practices</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six sanitary practices in food handling?

<ol> <li>Preparing food; 2) Storing; 3) Transporting food; 4) Serving food; 5) Cleaning and sanitizing utensils; 6) The food service thermometer</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What types of waste disposal are there in the field?

<ol> <li>Human waste; 2) Liquid waste; 3) Rubbish; 4) Hazardous waste/medical</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Where must a latrine be located?

100 yards downwind from food service facility, 100 feet from water source. At least 30 yards from the edge of the unit area. Signup and view all the answers

What are the seven types of latrines?

Cat hole latrine, saddle trench latrine, mound latrine, deep pit latrine, burnout latrine, pail latrine, chemical latrine Signup and view all the answers

What is a cat hole latrine?

On the move, one-foot deep hole Signup and view all the answers

What is a saddle trench latrine?

Up to three days. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mound latrine?

High groundwater level or rock formation Signup and view all the answers

What is a deep pit latrine?

Extended stay, more than 3 days Signup and view all the answers

What is a burnout latrine?

In jungle with high water table Signup and view all the answers

What is a pail latrine?

Water table is too close to surface of the ground for digging Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical toilet?

Environmental laws prohibit the construction of latrines Signup and view all the answers

What is the placement of a pit?

Minimum of 30 feet and maximum of 30 yards from the food service area. At least 100 yards downstream from any source of water. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of garbage and rubbish disposal methods?

<ol> <li>Burial method = 4' x 4' x 4' deep; 2) Consideration = 50 yards downwind from camp</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is a vector?

A carrier and arthropod that transports disease-causing organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What are the six arthropods important to military operations?

Mosquitoes, filth flies, fleas, lice, cockroaches, ticks and mites Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of mosquitoes?

Standing water Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of filth flies?

Human waste and garbage Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of fleas?

Animals beds, burrows, and nests Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of lice?

Hairy and clothing Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of cockroaches?

Cracks or crevices Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of ticks and mites?

Tall grass Signup and view all the answers

How do arthropods affect or infect human health?

Direct injury, accidental injury, bites, envenomation, entomophobia/fear, myiasis/egg placement, allergies Signup and view all the answers

How are diseases spread?

<ol> <li>Passive or mechanical transmission; 2) Active or biological transmission; 3) Inoculation; 4) Regurgitation; 5) Fecal contamination; 6) Crossing the vector</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Malaria is transmitted by?

The Anopheles mosquito Signup and view all the answers

Yellow fever is transmitted by?

The Aedes mosquito Signup and view all the answers

Dengue fever is transmitted by?

The Aedes mosquito Signup and view all the answers

Encephalitis is transmitted by?

The Aedes and Culex mosquito and several forms of ticks Signup and view all the answers

Sand fly fever is transmitted by?

The sand fly Signup and view all the answers

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by?

The sand fly Signup and view all the answers

Epidemic typhus is transmitted by?

The body louse Signup and view all the answers

Bubonic plague is transmitted by?

Any arthropods, rat fleas, or parasitics on rodents Signup and view all the answers

What PSI should you pressurize a sprayer?

50 psi Signup and view all the answers

What are some sanitation practices?

Eliminate arthropod habitats, control rodents in the unit area, use proper waste disposal procedures, avoid animal nesting areas. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three properties of pesticides?

Pesticides are toxic, pesticides are solvents, pesticides absorption into the skin. Signup and view all the answers

Use the solid stream nozzle to...

Spray cracks and crevices. Cockroaches are suspected. Signup and view all the answers

Use the hollow cone nozzle to...

Treat large areas where light coverage is desired. Against mosquito larvae by spraying the surface of standing water. Signup and view all the answers

Use the solid cone nozzle to...

Treat large areas where heavy coverage is desired. For weedy, heavily vegetated areas. Used when ticks and mites are suspected. Signup and view all the answers

Use the flat fan nozzle to...

Cover pesticides on a flat surface such as a wall. Also used for dumpsters fly control. Signup and view all the answers

Sprayers will be pressurized to?

40 psi Signup and view all the answers

Tail is shorter than head plus body. Prefer meat fish and garbage. What type of rat is this?

Norway rat Signup and view all the answers

Tail is longer than head plus body. What type of rat is this?

Roof rat Signup and view all the answers

Tail is same as head plus body. Any food available. What type of rat is this?

House rat Signup and view all the answers

What are four diseases carried by rodents?

Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, Hantavirus, Rat bite fever Signup and view all the answers

What are three diseases spread by rodents?

Plague, Murine typhus, Rickettsial pox Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of rodent traps?

Snap traps, bait stations Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of heat injury?

Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, heat rash, sunburn, skin cancer, rhabdomyolysis, or breakdown of the muscles, hyponatremia or water intoxication. Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence injuries?

Acclimatization, being overweight or unfit, fatigue levels, food and alcohol, medication, clothing. Signup and view all the answers

When can cold injuries occur?

Freezing and non-freezing temperatures Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of freezing injuries?

Frostbite, high altitude frostbite Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of non-freezing injuries?

Chilblain, hypothermia, trench foot, immersion foot, snow blindness, dehydration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the agent factor that influences cold weather injuries?

It is the cold. Signup and view all the answers

What are the environmental factors that influence cold weather injuries?

Weather, combat action, clothing, metal objects, and liquid fuels. Signup and view all the answers

What are the host (individual) factors that influence cold weather injuries?

Rank, history of cold injury, level of fatigue, discipline, training, experience, age, dehydration, psychological factors, geographical origin, race, poor nutrition, alcohol, activity level, drugs, and medicine. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of physical states of toxic industrial materials?

Gas, liquid, and solids Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of gas?

Carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, bore/gun gases Signup and view all the answers

How can toxins enter the body?

Inhalation, absorption, ingestion, injection Signup and view all the answers

What are the biological effects of toxic industrial materials (TIMs)?

Irritation, asphyxiation, anesthesia, systematic poisoning, cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Headache, sleepiness, coma, death. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of hydrogen chloride exposure?

Irritation of the eyes, throat, and lungs; cough; acid burn; flu-like symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of noise?

Impact or impulse noise, steady noise Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health and Medical Threats

Health threat refers to an individual soldier's well-being.
Medical threat encompasses potentially harmful enemy actions or environmental conditions impacting combat effectiveness.
Disease and non-battle injuries (DNBIs) contribute to organizational losses without being classified as battle casualties.
Four major medical threats include heat, cold, arthropod bites, and diarrheal diseases.
Minor medical threats consist of toxic industrial materials, noise pollution, and pests.

Risk Management and Assessment

Risk management involves a five-step process identifying and managing hazards.
Risk assessment is the initial two steps of risk management, focusing on hazard identification and evaluation.

Field Sanitation Team (FST) Requirements

Units must have designated sanitation teams composed of at least two certified personnel, including an NCO and possibly a medical member.
FST members must stay with their unit for a minimum of six months after training.

Water Safety and Treatment

Potable water is fit for human consumption, while palatable water is visually and organoleptically appealing.
Chlorine residual refers to the chlorine left in water post-treatment, requiring specific levels: 2 ppm at distribution points and 1 ppm at consumption points.
Four methods of water treatment include coagulation, filtration, disinfection, and chlorine treatment, needing a minimum contact time of 30 minutes.

Food Safety and Contamination

Five common sources of food contamination include biological, chemical, physical hazards, cross-contamination, and improper handling.
Critical bacteria causing foodborne illnesses are Campylobacter, E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus.
Six areas for maintaining sanitation in food handling cover preparation, storage, transportation, serving, and cleaning utensils.

Waste Disposal and Latrines

Waste disposal categories include human, liquid, rubbish, and hazardous waste.
Latrine placement must be 100 yards downwind from food services and 100 feet from water sources, ensuring significant distance from unit areas.

Disease Vector and Arthropods

Vectors are carriers, especially arthropods, that transmit pathogens.
Key arthropods affecting military operations are mosquitoes, filth flies, fleas, lice, cockroaches, and ticks.
Various diseases like malaria, yellow fever, and plague are transmitted through specific arthropods, emphasizing the need for prevention measures.

Rodent Control

Rodent control includes two types of traps: snap traps and bait stations.
Common diseases spread by rodents encompass leptospirosis, salmonellosis, hantavirus, and plague.

Heat and Cold Injuries

Heat-related injuries include cramps, exhaustion, and heatstroke, while cold injuries can be freezing (frostbite) or non-freezing (hypothermia).
Factors affecting injuries involve acclimatization, nutrition, and fatigue levels.

Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs)

TIMs can enter the body through inhalation, absorption, ingestion, or injection.
Biological effects of TIMs include irritation, asphyxiation, and systematic poisoning.

Noise Exposure

Noise types affecting health are impact/impulse noise and steady noise.
Proper management of these factors is critical to minimize their impact on health and operational effectiveness.

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Description

This quiz focuses on understanding health and medical threats faced by soldiers, including the impact of environmental conditions and diseases. It also covers the risk management process associated with these threats and the requirements for Field Sanitation Teams. Test your knowledge on these critical aspects of military health and safety.