Health and Disease Metrics
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What are the two measurements used to define blood pressure?

Systolic and diastolic.

At what BMI value is a person classified as obese?

A BMI ≥30 is classified as obesity.

What is the relationship between smoking and cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to Pirie et al. 2013?

The number of cigarettes smoked per day is linearly related to the risk of CVD.

What types of cholesterol are important in assessing risk for cardiovascular disease?

<p>LDL and HDL cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pattern of cancer risk in relation to age?

<p>Cancer risk generally rises progressively with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one major risk factor for cardiovascular disease related to lifestyle.

<p>Physical inactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a BMI of 25 signify?

<p>A BMI ≥25 indicates that a person is overweight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stillbirth rate defined as?

<p>The stillbirth rate is defined as the total number of stillbirths per 1,000 births over a defined time period, which includes both live births and stillbirths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend of smoking in high-income countries (HIC) compared to low- and middle-income countries (LMIC)?

<p>Smoking is declining in HIC and increasing in LMIC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the neonatal mortality rate measure?

<p>The neonatal mortality rate measures the number of neonatal deaths (0-27 days old) per 1,000 live births over a defined time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the perinatal mortality rate calculated?

<p>The perinatal mortality rate is calculated as the total number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths (7-27 days old) per 1,000 births over a defined time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the infant mortality rate?

<p>The infant mortality rate includes both neonatal deaths and post-neonatal deaths (up to 364 days old), measured per 1,000 live births over a defined time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gestational age threshold is noted for stillbirth in the provided data?

<p>A gestational age threshold of ≥28 weeks is noted for stillbirth in the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of stillbirth in the context of SDGs and MDGs?

<p>Stillbirth was not included in the targets for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year were neonatal mortality rates by region reported?

<p>Neonatal mortality rates by region were reported in 2015.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the denominator for neonatal mortality rate consist of?

<p>The denominator for the neonatal mortality rate consists of the total number of live births over the same defined time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the severity of asthma in LMIC compare to that in HIC?

<p>Asthma is more severe in LMIC than in HIC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend is observed regarding asthma prevalence in many countries?

<p>Asthma is increasing in many countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary disabilities caused by COPD?

<p>COPD causes breathlessness, which impacts daily activities such as walking, washing, dressing, and sleeping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the ICD-11 codes represent in relation to cancer?

<p>The ICD-11 codes categorize over 100 types of cancer based on the primary site or area of the body in which they originate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant healthcare issue is associated with COPD?

<p>COPD leads to high healthcare costs due to frequent hospitalizations and disease worsening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the TNM system categorize cancer staging?

<p>The TNM system categorizes cancer by assessing Tumour size, Node involvement, and Metastasis, with stages ranging from 0 to IV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic was examined in the BOLD study regarding COPD?

<p>Participants over 40 years old were examined in the BOLD study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of tumour grade in cancer evaluation?

<p>Tumour grade indicates how much cancer cells differ from normal tissue, impacting prognosis and treatment decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the range of COPD prevalence found in men according to the BOLD study?

<p>The prevalence of COPD in men ranged from 5.7% to 23.0%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common methods used for cancer detection?

<p>Common methods of cancer detection include clinical examinations, histological confirmation through biopsies, and imaging techniques such as MRI and CT scans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to PLATINO, what was the COPD prevalence range in women?

<p>The prevalence of COPD in women ranged from 5.6% to 14.5%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cancer incidence defined?

<p>Cancer incidence is defined as the number of new cases occurring in a specified population at risk over a designated time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the prevalence of COPD change with age?

<p>The prevalence of COPD increases markedly with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cancer mortality measure?

<p>Cancer mortality measures the average risk of dying from a specific cancer within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does screening play in cancer detection?

<p>Screening systematically tests asymptomatic individuals to identify cancers early, thereby aiming to reduce mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors can influence cancer incidence across different populations?

<p>Cancer incidence can be influenced by changes in risk factors, as well as variations in screening, diagnostic, and registration practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the epidemiologic transition in relation to communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases?

<p>The epidemiologic transition is characterized by a decline in death rates from communicable diseases (Group 1) while mortality from non-communicable diseases (Group 2) and injuries (Group 3) tends to increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'double burden of disease' as described for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC)?

<p>'Double burden of disease' refers to the coexistence of both communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases occurring simultaneously in LMICs during the intermediate phases of the epidemiologic transition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the World Health Organization classify diseases and mortality?

<p>The WHO classifies diseases and mortality into three groups: Group 1 (communicable diseases), Group 2 (non-communicable diseases), and Group 3 (intentional or unintentional injuries).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to mortality rates for Group 1 conditions during the epidemiologic transition?

<p>Mortality rates for Group 1 conditions typically decline faster than those for Group 2 and Group 3 conditions during the epidemiologic transition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do public health interventions differ among the groups of conditions outlined by WHO?

<p>Public health interventions differ among the groups because each group encompasses distinct health challenges requiring tailored prevention and control strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the predicted causes of death trends from 2008 to 2030?

<p>The predicted trends indicate an increasing burden of chronic diseases globally, emphasizing the need for effective prevention and management strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do urbanization and affluence play in the epidemiologic transition?

<p>Urbanization and affluence are significant drivers of the epidemiologic transition, leading to lifestyle changes that contribute to the rise of non-communicable diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of the double burden of disease for resource allocation in LMICs?

<p>The double burden of disease implies that LMICs must allocate resources for both the prevention and management of communicable and non-communicable diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of agricultural policies mentioned, and how do they impact agricultural practices?

<p>The three main types are agricultural input policies, agricultural production policies, and agricultural trade policies. They enhance production, support farmer's incomes, and promote economic markets respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does livestock production contribute to climate change?

<p>Livestock production contributes to climate change through deforestation, high energy and water consumption, and nitrous oxide emissions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'contraction and convergence policy' and its expected effect on meat consumption?

<p>The 'contraction and convergence policy' aims for high-income countries to reduce their meat consumption levels so that low- and middle-income countries can converge to these lower levels. This is predicted to impact non-communicable diseases by 2050.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List four reproductive health issues that can indicate poor reproductive health.

<p>Infertility, fetal death, stillbirth, and abnormal fetal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define maternal mortality according to WHO.

<p>Maternal mortality is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to the pregnancy but not from accidental causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of understanding the determinants of reproductive health.

<p>Understanding these determinants is essential for achieving successful reproduction and promoting overall health for individuals and populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the connection between agricultural policies and dietary practices.

<p>Agricultural policies shape production practices that directly influence the types and qualities of foods available in diets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some health issues related to NCDs mentioned in the context of diet?

<p>Cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, and cancer are mentioned as health issues related to diet and non-communicable diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture 2: Introduction to the Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases

  • Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a broad range of conditions not transmitted from person-to-person
  • Key NCDs include cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Other NCDs include injuries, mental disorders, and reproductive disorders
  • Many NCDs increase in prevalence with age, often sharing common risk factors.
  • This leads to co-morbidities (multiple conditions) in older adults.

Outline

  • Introduction to NCDs and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD)
  • Epidemiological transition
  • NCD risk factors (upstream and downstream)
  • Reproductive health
  • Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Respiratory diseases

What are Non-Communicable Diseases?

  • NCDs span a wide variety of conditions that are not contagious
  • Major focus: CVD, cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and COPD
  • Can also include injuries, mental disorders, and reproductive disorders
  • Some may have an infectious origin (e.g., HPV)
  • Prevalence increases with age and some share risk factors

Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology

  • Generally focused on specific conditions (e.g., cancer epidemiology) rather than a general NCD epidemiology
  • Key determinants of chronic diseases (unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use) are greatly affected by globalization
  • Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study: comprehensive research analyzing health loss due to diseases, injuries, and risk factors worldwide

The Global Burden of Disease

  • Infectious diseases and neonatal conditions were dominant in 1990
  • In 2015, lower respiratory infections were among the leading causes of global Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
  • DALYs combine premature mortality and non-fatal health outcomes

Epidemiologic Transition

  • NCDs are increasing globally as countries undergo epidemiological transitions
  • Death rates from infectious diseases decline while NCD-related disorders increase
  • WHO uses a three-level classification of diseases and mortality:
    • Group 1: Communicable diseases including maternal, perinatal, and nutritional disorders
    • Group 2: Non-communicable diseases
    • Group 3: Intentional or unintentional injuries

Double Burden of Disease

  • LMIC face a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases during epidemiological transitions
  • Globally, combined burden requires resources for prevention, control, and treatment

NCD Risk Factors

  • Specific to the disease and global factors
  • Global factors often operate at a level beyond individual or country control
  • Factors influencing NCDs include urbanization/industrialization, modernization, urban culture, alterations in diets, reduced physical activity, loss of traditional cultural values, migration from rural to urban areas, and poverty

NCD: Upstream and Downstream Determinants

  • Upstream determinants: macro-level factors (e.g., globalization, community characteristics) affecting health
  • Downstream determinants: individual or micro-level factors (e.g., genetics, age, behaviors, blood pressure) influencing health

Life-course Perspective

  • How individuals respond to macro-level factors throughout life
  • Factors at any point in life can influence individual health determinants

Social Determinants of NCD

  • Neighborhood effects (compositional and contextual effects including social networks and culture)
  • Structural characteristics influence obesity risk
  • Social networking effects on obesity influence individual obesity and health

Built Environment and NCD Risk Factor Distributions

  • Built environment: human-made structures (e.g., parks, lakes)
  • Physical activity influenced by urban landscapes, access to open spaces, and transportation
  • Food environment: location, type, and number of food outlets, food quality, and prices
  • Food and tobacco labeling affect items within the built environment

Trade Agreements, Nutrition, and NCD Risk Factors

  • Trade agreements influence agricultural production, foodstuffs trade, and food processing
  • Trade agreements shape food systems and access to food availability/food consumption.

Nutrition Transition

  • Urbanization, economic growth, and technological change affect work, leisure, and food processing
  • Transition stages: receding famine, degenerative disease, behavioral changes

Agricultural Policies, Climate Change, and NCD Risk Factors

  • Three main types of agricultural policies: agricultural input, production, and trade policies

Agricultural Policies and Production Practices and Diet

  • Relationship between agricultural policies, production practices, and diet
  • Input policies, production policies, and trade policies impact food output, availability, price, and quality leading to consumer food choices and risk of obesity

Agriculture, Climate Change, and Health

  • Livestock production contributes to climate change through deforestation, energy and water consumption, and NOx emissions

McMichael et al. "Contraction and Convergence Policy"

  • High-income countries (HICs) reducing animal source food consumption to lower the overall meat consumption levels to which low-income countries (LMICs) will converge
  • This policy change might impact NCDs (e.g., heart disease)

Reproductive Health

  • Understanding reproductive health is vital for overall health of individuals and populations
  • Covers conception, pregnancy, childbirth, and neonatal period

Reproductive Health: Maternal Mortality

  • Maternal mortality: death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of pregnancy termination related to factors associated with pregnancy
  • Direct deaths: obstetric complications, interventions, omissions, or an associated chain of events
  • Indirect deaths: pre-existing disease aggravated by pregnancy physiological effects.
  • Maternal mortality ratio: number of deaths per 100,000 live births

Reproductive Health: Estimates of Maternal Mortality Ratio by Country

  • Map showing maternal mortality rates by country

Reproductive Health: Stillbirth

  • Stillbirth definitions and types including gestational age and causes
  • Common causes of stillbirth

Reproductive Health: Neonatal Deaths

  • Neonatal mortality rates by region

Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVD): encompass various heart and blood vessel conditions
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus: condition where body cannot regulate glucose levels effectively
  • Defining features, types, and medical standards for diagnosis

Cardiovascular Diseases: The Global Burden of Disease Study (2019)

  • Data on the global burden of cardiovascular diseases

Diabetes Epidemiology

  • Type II diabetes is prevalent globally
  • Type I diabetes incidence is less clear in low-income countries and has high mortality among affected children in those populations.

Cardiovascular Diseases and T2 Diabetes: Factors

  • Risk factors include lifestyle changes, high blood pressure, obesity, smoking, high LDL cholesterol, and physical inactivity

CVD and T2D factors: Blood Pressure

  • Systolic blood pressure and age impact CVD

CVD and T2D factors: Obesity

  • Obesity is a medical condition linked to negative health effects.
  • BMI is used to measure obesity.

CVD and T2D factors: Smoking

  • Smoking has a strong positive association with all-cause mortality over a 12-year period

CVD and T2D Factors: Cholesterol

  • Correlation between LDL and HDL cholesterol and CVD risk

Cancer Epidemiology

  • One of the most common causes of death worldwide
  • Affects all age groups
  • Over 100 types with primary body area as naming classifications

Cancer: Biology

  • Cancer development process in terms of cell mutations, and cellular stages of development

Cancer Characteristics

  • Cancer characteristics such as proliferation, immortalization, resisting cell death, angiogenesis, evasion of growth suppressors, and activating invasion and metastasis

Cancer Types

  • Classification of cancers including some common carcinomas (Lung, Breast, Colon, Bladder, Prostate) and sarcomas (fat, bone, and muscle)

Cancer Staging

  • Staging system used to assess the extent of cancer based on tumour characteristics and spread

Cancer Detection

  • Detection methods including clinical examinations, imaging, endoscopy, screening

Cancer: Measuring Burden

  • Measuring cancer burden using prevalence, incidence, and mortality, including the development over time
  • Overview of common cancer types and trends in their incidence and survival, including geographic variations(such as developed vs developing nations)

Cancer: Prevention

  • Potential of preventing cancer using preventative measures and risk factors such as smoking

Respiratory Diseases: COPD and Asthma

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are prevalent respiratory diseases.
  • COPD is a slowly progressing and irreversible lung disease
  • Asthma has reversible airflow limitation and typically involves fluctuations and is manageable

COPD and Asthma: Burden

  • Describes factors impacting the burden of COPD and asthma including substantial healthcare costs, loss of productive days, and relationship to other conditions

Asthma Prevalence

  • Prevalence of asthma symptoms (e.g., wheeze) varies geographically

COPD: Burden

  • Impacts of COPD, such as disability, daily function impairment, high healthcare costs, and frequent hospitalisations

COPD Prevalence

  • Prevalence of COPD, and age-related differences

Asthma: Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors

  • Genetic and environmental factors impacting asthma

COPD: Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors

  • Genetic and environmental risk factors, including gender, age, SES, smoking, and air pollution

Thank You! Questions?

  • Concluding statement

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Lecture 2: Introduction to the Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases PDF

Description

This quiz covers essential health metrics such as blood pressure measurement, BMI classifications, and the relationship between smoking and cardiovascular disease. It also delves into mortality rates, lifestyle risk factors, and trends in different income countries. Test your knowledge on key health statistics and their implications!

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser