Health and Common Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of physical barriers in innate immunity?

To enhance the activity of immune cells

To destroy pathogens through engulfment

To produce antibodies against foreign agents

To prevent the entry of microorganisms (correct)

Which of the following does not qualify as a physical barrier in innate immunity?

Acid in the stomach (correct)

Mucus in the respiratory tract

Skin surface

Tears from the eyes

Which type of cells plays a significant role in the cellular barriers of innate immunity?

Lymphocytes

Platelets

Erythrocytes

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (correct)

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true?

It includes barriers that are present from birth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be considered a physiological barrier of innate immunity?

Mucus Signup and view all the answers

What occurs first in the life cycle of Plasmodium after an infected mosquito bites a human?

The sporozoites are injected into the human. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do male and female gametocytes develop in Plasmodium?

In the mosquito's gut. Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct consequence of the asexual reproduction of Plasmodium in red blood cells?

The emergence of symptoms like fever. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Plasmodium life cycle stages in humans?

Migration to the mosquito's salivary glands. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the symptoms associated with Plasmodium infection in humans?

Cycles of fever and release of parasites. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the liver stage of the Plasmodium life cycle?

Sporozoites multiply asexually. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of gametocytes in the life cycle of Plasmodium?

They are ingested by uninfected mosquitoes. Signup and view all the answers

What happens after fertilization occurs in the mosquito's gut?

Sporozoites migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands. Signup and view all the answers

How is Plasmodium transmitted to humans?

By bites from infected mosquitoes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of amoebic dysentery?

Entamoeba histolytica Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of health as described?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to maintaining good health?

Balanced diet and personal hygiene Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a non-infectious disease?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogenic organism is responsible for causing typhoid fever?

Salmonella typhi Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the severe complications of typhoid fever?

Intestinal perforation Signup and view all the answers

How can pathogens typically enter the human body?

By consuming infected food and water Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of typhoid fever?

Sustained high fever Signup and view all the answers

What does a balanced diet contribute to?

Maintaining mental well-being Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is considered infectious?

AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Why is awareness about diseases and hygiene important?

It contributes to better health and productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is responsible for pneumonia in humans?

Streptococcus pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for the common cold?

Direct contact with infected surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What severe symptom can indicate a case of pneumonia in an infected person?

Bluish or grayish color in lips and fingernails Signup and view all the answers

What type of mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria?

Anopheles Signup and view all the answers

What form of the malaria parasite is introduced into the human body?

Sporozoites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the common cold?

High fever and chills Signup and view all the answers

How often do chills and high fever occur in malaria infections?

Every three to four days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason sharing glasses or utensils can lead to infections?

Direct contact with infected saliva Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for substances produced in response to allergens?

Histamines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with allergies?

Joint pain Signup and view all the answers

What incorrect mechanism occurs in autoimmune diseases?

The body attacks its own cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lymphoid organs is primarily responsible for the maturation of lymphocytes?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What type of medication can quickly alleviate allergy symptoms?

Antihistamines Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes acquired immunity?

It produces a low-intensity response upon first exposure and a stronger response upon subsequent exposures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classes of antibodies is NOT mentioned as produced in response to pathogens?

IgD Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is primarily mediated by T-lymphocytes?

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about antibodies is accurate?

Each antibody molecule consists of two heavy chains and two light chains. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B-lymphocytes in the immune response?

To produce and secrete antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a way through which Ascaris infection can occur?

Contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is NOT associated with Ascariasis?

Coughing Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is responsible for causing filariasis?

Wuchereria Signup and view all the answers

How can ringworm be transmitted?

Contact with infected individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is a major preventive measure for food and waterborne diseases?

Personal hygiene Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT transmitted through food or water?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which fungi is NOT associated with causing ringworm?

Candida Signup and view all the answers

What condition can chronic filariasis lead to?

Elephantiasis Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes active immunity?

Antibodies are produced within the body after exposure to antigens. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the principle of vaccination?

It establishes memory cells to recognize pathogens upon re-exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibodies in mother's milk play for newborns?

They provide passive immunity by directly combating infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of autoimmune diseases?

The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells. Signup and view all the answers

How does passive immunization differ from active immunization?

Passive immunization provides immediate protection without response time. Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphoid organ is primarily responsible for the maturation of lymphocytes?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spleen in the lymphatic system?

Filtering blood and trapping microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT a common transmission route for HIV?

Airborne transmission Signup and view all the answers

In which locations would you typically find mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

Respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes AIDS as a syndrome?

It is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
Healthy individuals are more productive and contribute to economic prosperity.
Maintaining good health requires balanced diets, personal hygiene, and regular exercise.
Yoga has been practiced for a long time to achieve physical and mental health.
Illness occurs when one or more organs or systems in the body malfunction and experience symptoms.

Common Diseases in Humans

Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, and helminths, cause various diseases.
Pathogens enter the body through various means, multiply, and disrupt normal bodily functions, often causing damage.

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella typhi bacteria cause typhoid fever, which enters the body through contaminated food and water.
Symptoms include high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache, and loss of appetite.
Severe cases can lead to intestinal perforation and death.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria cause pneumonia, infecting the alveoli of the lungs.
Symptoms include fever, chills, cough, headache, and bluish or grayish lips and fingernails.

Common Cold

Common colds are caused by viruses that primarily infect the nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs.
Symptoms include nasal congestion, mucus discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, and tiredness.

Malaria

Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium protozoan, with P. falciparum being the most serious type.
The parasite's life cycle involves two hosts: humans and mosquitoes.
The female Anopheles mosquito is the vector (transmitting agent).
Sporozoites are injected into humans by the infected mosquito, multiply in the liver, and then infect red blood cells.
The release of a toxin (haemozoin) causes chills and high fever every three to four days.

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery), characterized by constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, excess mucous, and blood clots in feces.
Houseflies can transmit the parasite from infected individuals to others.

Human Health and Disease

Infectious diseases are transmitted easily from one person to another.

Transmission of Infectious Diseases

Food and waterborne diseases are often caused by contaminated food and water.
Ascaris (roundworm) and Wuchereria (filarial worm) cause diseases when ingested and are transmitted through contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, and so on.
Airborne diseases, like pneumonia and the common cold, are transmitted through the air.

Prevention

Personal hygiene practices like keeping the body clean, consuming clean water and food, and using proper sanitation are essential.
Public hygiene measures are also crucial, including proper waste disposal, periodic cleaning of water reservoirs, and maintaining standards in public places.

Immunity

The body's ability to defend itself against disease-causing organisms is called immunity.
There are two types of immunity: innate and acquired.

Innate Immunity

Present at birth and non-specific in nature.
Provides barriers to prevent the entry of foreign agents.

Physical Barriers

Skin acts as the primary barrier.
Mucus coatings in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts trap microbes.
Tears and acid in the stomach prevent microbial growth.

Physiological Barriers

Stomach acid prevents microbial growth.
Saliva and tears prevent microbial growth.

Cellular Barriers

Leukocytes (WBCs), like neutrophils, are part of the body's cellular defense.

Acquired Immunity

Characterized by "memory".
The body remembers previous encounters with pathogens and mounts a stronger response on subsequent exposures.
Two types of lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes, are involved.

B-lymphocytes

Produce antibodies in response to pathogens.
Different types of antibodies like IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgG are produced in the body.
The response involving antibodies in the blood is called humoral immune response.

T-lymphocytes

Mediate cell-mediated immunity (CMI).
Don't secrete antibodies but help B cells produce antibodies.

Active Immunity

Antibodies are produced in the body after exposure to antigens (living or dead microbes or proteins).
Takes time to develop a full response.
Triggered by natural infections or immunization.

Passive Immunity

Ready-made antibodies are given to protect the body.
Mother's milk contains antibodies vital for newborns, and the fetus receives antibodies through the placenta during pregnancy.

Vaccination and Immunization

Vaccination leverages the immune system's "memory" to prevent diseases.
Introduce weakened or inactivated pathogens (vaccines) to stimulate antibody production.
This procedure establishes memory B and T cells that remember the pathogen.

Allergies

Allergic reactions occur when the immune system overreacts to harmless substances like pollen or dust mites.
Symptoms include sneezing, wheezing, and other reactions.

Autoimmune Diseases

Result from the immune system attacking the body's own cells and tissues.

Lymphocyte Organs

Lymphoids are produced and mature in lymphoid organs.
Primary lymphoid organs include bone marrow and thymus.

Lymph Nodes

Located throughout the body.

Thymus

Located near the heart.

Spleen

A large bean-shaped organ.

Lymphatic Vessels

Carry lymph.

Function of Lymphoid Organs

Lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches.
The bone marrow produces blood cells, including lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes mature in the thymus, gradually reducing in size throughout life.
The spleen traps blood-borne microorganisms and filters blood.
Lymph nodes trap microorganisms and activate lymphocytes.
Lymphoid tissue is found in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) within the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts.

AIDS

AIDS is a deficiency of the immune system, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
HIV is a retrovirus with an RNA genome.
Transmission occurs through sexual contact, blood transfusion, sharing infected needles, and from an infected mother to child through the placenta.
Risk factors include having multiple sexual partners.

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of health as a holistic state of well-being, emphasizing the importance of diet, hygiene, and exercise. It also covers common pathogens and diseases, including typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi, highlighting symptoms and transmission. Test your knowledge on how to maintain health and recognize diseases.