Health and Aging Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a defining characteristic of cardiac death?

  • Life support technologies maintaining organ function
  • Absence of the heart contracting and pumping blood (correct)
  • Presence of respiratory conditions
  • Irreversible absence of all electrical activity in the brain

Which of the following is NOT listed as a leading cause of death?

  • Parkinson's disease (correct)
  • Diabetes
  • Liver disease
  • Cancer

What is a requirement for eligibility under the Medical Aid in Dying (MAID) criteria?

  • Being diagnosed with a terminal illness only
  • Being under 18 years old
  • Having the capacity to consent (correct)
  • Must be a resident of a long-term care facility

Which process is primarily focused on reducing physical and psychological pain rather than prolonging life?

<p>Palliative care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what aspect becomes significant during late adulthood?

<p>Reflecting on past life experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sarcopenia characterized by?

<p>Loss of muscle mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with inflammation of the joints?

<p>Arthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protective factor is associated with osteoporosis?

<p>Adequate nutrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does visual acuity begin to decline?

<p>40-59 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for developing arthritis?

<p>Joint injuries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition occurs when there is damage to the optic nerve due to fluid build-up?

<p>Glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic has a higher risk of developing osteoporosis?

<p>Females with nutrient deficiencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people in their 70s experience partial loss of vision due to cataracts?

<p>30% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory tends to decline faster with aging?

<p>Episodic memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT listed as a barrier to sexual health in older adults?

<p>Improved physical health (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended approach to address sexual health in older adults?

<p>Normalize sexuality as a healthy part of aging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence is characterized by abstract reasoning and problem-solving abilities?

<p>Fluid intelligence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one approach to compensate for memory deficits in older adults?

<p>Regular screening and testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory type is considered less vulnerable to the effects of aging?

<p>Implicit memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about memory types is true?

<p>Episodic memory relates to personal life experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of sexual health may contribute to older adults not disclosing their needs?

<p>Stigma and sex negativity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change in memory recall as adults age?

<p>They recall more events from adolescence and early adulthood than other life stages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly contributes to the reduced decision-making capacity in older adults?

<p>A tendency to prefer fewer options and make good enough decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does high arousal affect decision-making in older adults compared to young adults?

<p>Older adults are more likely to make riskier decisions in high arousal settings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurological change occurs with aging that affects function?

<p>Deterioration of myelination leading to slower neural transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of executive function is largely affected in older adults?

<p>Difficulty in separating important information from irrelevant information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been observed regarding the slowing of neurological functions?

<p>It starts in late middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might older adults find it challenging to make complex decisions?

<p>Their brain's function begins to slow down, affecting processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit might older adults experience when making decisions based on a limited number of choices?

<p>They tend to find satisfactory solutions even if they are not perfect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of relationship satisfaction on health outcomes?

<p>Faster recovery time from illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable finding regarding relationship stress in the Kulik study?

<p>It correlates with lower subjective well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of relationship satisfaction?

<p>Negative family relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of household labor changes during retirement, according to the findings?

<p>It becomes more egalitarian. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the evolutionary theory of aging, what is the adaptive value of living past childbearing years?

<p>Greater support for child-rearing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of high levels of conflict in a relationship?

<p>Social isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in relationship quality occurs prior to retirement?

<p>More complaints and less satisfaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors could contribute to relationship stress?

<p>Negative family interactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits of regular religious practice in late adulthood?

<p>Improved physical health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kubler-Ross's stages of death and dying, which stage is characterized by a temporary defense mechanism?

<p>Denial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the 'Widowhood effect'?

<p>Men who lose a spouse are more likely to die in the following year. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional response occurs in the bargaining stage of Kubler-Ross's model?

<p>Desire to delay death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following critiques pertains to the order of Kubler-Ross's stages of grief?

<p>Not everyone experiences all stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor most significantly influences how a surviving spouse copes after losing a partner?

<p>Financial security (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional state is commonly observed during the depression stage of dying, according to Kubler-Ross?

<p>Silence and grief (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential effect of belief in the afterlife on widowed individuals' grief?

<p>A decreased likelihood of experiencing depression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Life Expectancy in Late Adulthood

The average number of years a person is expected to live. In Canada, life expectancy for those born in 2007-2009 is 81 years.

Centenarians

People who live to be 100 years old or older.

Healthy Life Expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live in good health. It's influenced by factors like income and healthcare.

Sarcopenia

Age-related loss of muscle mass, affecting strength and mobility.

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Arthritis

Inflammation of joints, causing pain and stiffness, often affecting people with repetitive jobs.

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Osteoporosis

A condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures.

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Visual Acuity Decline (Late Adulthood)

A decrease in the ability to see clearly, especially for close objects. It becomes more pronounced after age 40.

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Cataracts

A thickening of the lens of the eye, causing blurry vision. Affects about 30% of people by age 70.

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Ageism in Sexual Health

Prejudice against older adults, often assuming they are asexual and not needing sexual health care.

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Barriers to Older Adult Sexual Health

Factors hindering access to sexual health care for older adults, including ageism, stigma, and lack of discussion.

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Fluid Intelligence

The ability to think abstractly and solve problems, often declining with age.

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Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, generally increasing with age.

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Explicit Memory

Consciously recalled memories of facts, figures, experiences (e.g., names, dates, events).

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Implicit Memory

Unconsciously learned skills and routines (e.g., driving, cooking, typing).

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Episodic Memory

Memories of personal events, including when and where they happened.

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Semantic Memory

General knowledge and facts related to a person's expertise.

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Cardiac Death

The complete cessation of the heart's ability to contract and pump blood, caused by a disruption of its electrical activity.

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Brain Death

The irreversible absence of any electrical activity within the brain.

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MAID: Medical Aid in Dying

A legal procedure in Canada allowing individuals with a grievous and irremediable condition to request a physician's assistance in ending their life.

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Palliative Care

Medical specialization focused on alleviating physical and psychological pain and suffering associated with serious illnesses.

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Advanced Care Planning

A process where individuals document their end-of-life wishes and preferences before they lose the capacity to make decisions.

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Relationship Quality & Health

A strong and healthy relationship contributes to better physical and mental well-being for BOTH partners, leading to increased happiness and longer lifespan.

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Relationship Stress & Health

Difficult or unhappy relationships have a negative impact on health, leading to lower well-being and increased risk of experiencing poor health or even premature death.

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Retirement & Relationships

Relationships may experience more strain BEFORE retirement, but often improve during and after retirement due to increased free time and shared activities.

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Sources of Relationship Satisfaction

Shared experiences, common interests, and mutual support are key factors that contribute to a fulfilling relationship.

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Sources of Relationship Stress

Factors like health issues, conflict, social isolation, and family discord can strain relationships.

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Grandparents & Family Functioning

Grandparents play a vital role in family well-being by providing support, childcare, and knowledge-sharing.

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Grandmother Hypothesis

The evolutionary theory that suggests long lifespans in humans are adaptive because grandmothers help raise grandchildren, increasing the survival of the family line.

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Inclusive Fitness

The idea that an individual's reproductive success is measured not only by their own offspring but also by the success of their relatives, including grandchildren.

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Regular Religious Practice

Consistent participation in religious activities is linked to better physical health in older adults due to benefits like a healthy lifestyle, social connections, and stress management through meaning-making.

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Kubler-Ross Stages of Death & Dying

A model outlining five stages of emotional responses to death, including denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

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Denial (Death & Dying)

A temporary defense mechanism where the reality of imminent death is initially rejected, lasting for weeks to months.

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Anger (Death & Dying)

A stage characterized by frustration and resentment directed at doctors, family, or even strangers.

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Bargaining (Death & Dying)

A stage marked by attempts to negotiate with fate or supernatural forces for more time.

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Depression (Death & Dying)

A stage marked by sadness, withdrawal, and contemplation of the finality of death, often leading to silence and isolation.

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Acceptance (Death & Dying)

A stage characterized by a sense of peace and understanding about one's own mortality.

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Widowhood Effect

The higher risk of death in the year following the loss of a spouse, particularly for men, due to a variety of factors.

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Memory Changes in Late Adulthood

Adults tend to remember more events from their adolescence and early adulthood compared to other life stages, including the present. These memories are often rated as being more important and positive.

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Executive Function Decline

As we age, our executive function, responsible for controlling our thoughts, declines. This means older adults may struggle to filter out irrelevant information, making it harder to focus and process important information.

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Decision Making in Late Adulthood

Older adults often prefer fewer options when making decisions and are more inclined to make 'good enough' choices. They may be more comfortable with imperfect solutions.

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Risk-Taking in High Arousal States

Studies have shown that older adults are more likely to make riskier decisions in situations that increase their heart rate and blood pressure, compared to younger adults.

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Neural Slowing in Late Adulthood

Starting in late middle adulthood, there is a general slowing of brain and spinal cord function. This is due to deterioration of myelin, the protective covering of nerve fibers, which slows down signal transmission.

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Synapse Loss in Late Adulthood

Older adults also experience a loss of synapses, the connections between neurons, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for higher cognitive functions.

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Implication of Changes in Decision-Making

The changes in decision-making processes in older adulthood are particularly important because older adults face many high-risk decisions, especially concerning finances, healthcare, and end-of-life planning.

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Cognitive Decline: A Spectrum

It's crucial to remember that not all older adults experience significant cognitive decline. The changes discussed are common, but the degree varies greatly among individuals.

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Study Notes

Physical Development in Late Adulthood

  • Late adulthood is defined as 65+.
  • Significant individual variation exists in physical capacities across this stage.
  • Biological, chronological, psychosocial, and social age all contribute to the variability.
  • Life expectancy in Canada has increased, with Canadians born between 2007 and 2009 expected to live to 81 years of age.
  • The number of centenarians (people aged 100+) has doubled from 2001 to 2021 in Canada.
  • Healthy life expectancy is the number of years people will live in good health.
  • Globally, this is increasing, positively correlating with income.
  • Projected healthy life expectancy for Canadian men in 2030 is 84 years, and for women, 87 years.
  • Declining mobility and strength are common in late adulthood.
  • Sarcopenia, age-related loss of muscle mass, is a prime example.
  • Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, and obesity.
  • Protective factors include regular exercise.
  • Arthritis, inflammation of joints, is also common in late adulthood.
  • Risk factors include joint injuries, repetitive motions, and obesity.
  • Protective factors include regular exercise.
  • Osteoporosis, excessive bone loss, is another key factor.
  • Risk factors include gender (female), smoking, nutrient deficiency, and falls.
  • Protective factors include exercise, adequate nutrition, and avoiding falls.

Sensory Perception in Late Adulthood

  • Vision: Acuity declines in late adulthood, particularly beginning between the ages of 40 and 59.
  • Eye adjusting to brightness changes becomes slower.
  • Cataracts cause partial vision loss as the eye lens thickens, affecting approximately 30% of people by age 70.
  • Glaucoma, nerve damage from fluid buildup, causes vision loss, impacting one percent of 70-year-olds to 10% of 90-year-olds.
  • Macular degeneration leads to central vision loss in late adulthood. Those affected lose clarity in the center of their vision. Peripheral vision is less affected.
  • Hearing loss affects men more quickly than women, and prevalence is 94% of Canadians aged 70-79 report loss.
  • Smell and taste decline, affecting those aged around 60 years old.
  • Touch sensitivity declines, with sensitivity to pain also decreasing but pain prevalence increasing.

Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

  • Fluid intelligence, abstract reasoning and problem-solving abilities, decreases.
  • Crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge) tends to increase into late adulthood.
  • Explicit memory (facts and experiences) declines faster than implicit memory (performing tasks).
  • Implicit memory, however, is less affected by aging.
  • Autobiographical memory (personal life stories) is a type of episodic memory.

Neurologic Development in Late Adulthood

  • General slowing of brain and spinal cord function begins in middle adulthood.
  • Deterioration of myelination slows the transmission of signals.
  • Synapse loss occurs in key brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex.
  • Neural compensation occurs where the brain recruits different brain regions to compensate.

Neurological Disorders (Dementia) in Late Adulthood

  • Dementia is a chronic, progressive, potentially terminal condition.
  • It impacts memory and other cognitive functions, affecting more than 500,000 Canadians.
  • Alzheimer's Disease is 65% of cases, characterized by abnormal protein deposits and neurofibrillary tangles.
  • Risk factors include genetic predisposition, gender (women tend to live longer and be more affected), and age.
  • Vascular dementia, caused by insufficient blood flow often due to strokes, makes up approximately 25% of cases.
  • Risk factors include vascular health (exercise, cessation of smoking, blood pressure control).

Sexuality in Late Adulthood

  • Sexuality is part of healthy aging.
  • Sexual activity is common in individuals 65-74 years of age, with a decrease after 75.
  • Frequency of sexual activity is dependent on factors like health, availability of partners and societal factors.

Death and Dying

  • Most Canadians die in a hospital (55%).
  • Top five leading causes of death include cancer, accidents, injuries, stroke, diabetes, and liver disease.
  • It can be challenging to determine when death occurs, especially in the context of advanced life support technologies.
  • Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief/loss (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) are common experiences, but are not universal.
  • Grieving can be a variable, complex process affected by circumstances of death, relationship quality, and circumstances surrounding death.

Retirement

  • Median retirement age in Canada is 64.9.
  • Public-sector workers retire earlier than private-sector workers.
  • Many factors contribute to factors influencing whether and when someone retires including financial stability and health.
  • It is viewed as a process, not a single event.

Relationships in Late adulthood

  • Relationship quality is associated with subjective well-being, better physical health, and faster recovery from illness/stress.
  • Relationship satisfaction tends to be higher after retirement than before.
  • Relationships with shared identity, interests, and hobbies and shared friendships and community, are common sources of satisfaction.
  • Relationship stress may come from health problems, conflict, social isolation or dysfunctional familial relationships.

Grandparenting

  • Grandparents play diverse roles in families, including childcare, mentoring, and preserving family history.
  • Grandparenting can improve family functioning and well-being.

Spirituality and Religion

  • Reporting of spirituality and religious practice tends to increase in mid-late adulthood.
  • Practice may be linked to improved physical health, a sense of meaning, and a sense of belonging.

Friendship and Community

  • Strong friendships and community predict relationship satisfaction.
  • Socially connected older adults experience better health and lower stress.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various aspects of health and aging with this quiz. Questions range from cardiac death to osteoporosis, addressing medical aid in dying and the effects of aging on memory and vision. Perfect for those studying gerontology or healthcare.

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