Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following muscles of facial expression with their primary action:
Match the following muscles of facial expression with their primary action:
Zygomaticus major = Smiling Orbicularis oculi = Blinking and closing the eyelids Buccinator = Compressing the cheek Orbicularis oris = Pursing the lips
Match the following facial expression muscles with their anatomical locations:
Match the following facial expression muscles with their anatomical locations:
Frontalis = Forehead Platysma = Neck Depressor anguli oris = Lower lip Risorius = Cheek
Match the following facial expression muscles with their innervation:
Match the following facial expression muscles with their innervation:
Zygomaticus major = Facial nerve (CN VII) Buccinator = Facial nerve (CN VII) Orbicularis oculi = Facial nerve (CN VII) Platysma = Facial nerve (CN VII)
Match the following muscles of facial expression with their potential injuries effects:
Match the following muscles of facial expression with their potential injuries effects:
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Match the following muscles of facial expression with the cranial nerves they are associated with for voluntary control:
Match the following muscles of facial expression with the cranial nerves they are associated with for voluntary control:
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Match the following muscles of facial expression with their functions:
Match the following muscles of facial expression with their functions:
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Match the following cranial nerves with the facial muscles they innervate:
Match the following cranial nerves with the facial muscles they innervate:
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Match the following conditions with their possible causes related to facial expression muscles:
Match the following conditions with their possible causes related to facial expression muscles:
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Match the following muscles with their anatomical locations:
Match the following muscles with their anatomical locations:
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Match the following terms with their descriptions related to facial anatomy:
Match the following terms with their descriptions related to facial anatomy:
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Study Notes
Head and Neck Muscles
- Facial expression muscles are attached to bone or fascia and move the skin to change facial expressions.
- Buccinator muscles keep cheeks taut and aid in chewing.
- Muscles surrounding orifices of mouth, eyes, and nose act as sphincters and dilators.
- Muscles of mastication are supplied by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).
- The facial nerve (CN VII) supplies the platysma, muscles of facial expression, buccinator, muscles of the ear, and the occipitofrontalis muscle.
Facial Paralysis
- Idiopathic causes are common.
- Injuries in wounds, cuts, and childbirth can cause paralysis.
- Surgery on the parotid gland or disease of the gland can lead to facial paralysis.
- Cold sores, genital herpes (herpes simplex), chickenpox, shingles (herpes zoster), and respiratory illnesses (adenovirus) can contribute to facial paralysis.
Arterial Supply of the Face
- Branches of the external carotid artery supply the face.
- The facial artery is the major artery supplying the face.
- The pulse of the facial artery can be palpated as the artery winds around the inferior border of the mandible.
Venous Drainage of the Face
- The facial vein is the major venous drainage of the face and drains into the internal jugular vein.
- Superficial temporal vein, maxillary vein, and other veins form the external jugular vein.
- Both internal and external jugular veins drain into the subclavian vein.
Fascia of the Neck
- Structures in the neck are surrounded by subcutaneous tissue and are compartmentalized by layers of deep cervical fascia.
- The fascial planes determine the direction in which infection in the neck may spread.
Superficial Cervical Fascia
- A layer of fatty connective tissue lies between the dermis of the skin and the investing layer of deep cervical fascia.
- Contains cutaneous nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, superficial lymph nodes, and variable amounts of fat.
- Contains the platysma muscle anterolaterally.
Platysma
- A broad, thin sheet of muscle in the subcutaneous tissue of the neck.
- Develops from the 2nd pharyngeal arch and is supplied by branches of the facial nerve (CN VII).
- Helps depress the mandible and draw the corners of the mouth inferiorly.
Anterior Triangle of the Neck
- Anterior border: midline
- Posterior border: anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
- Superior border: inferior border of the mandible
- Apex: jugular notch in the manubrium
- Roof: superficial cervical fascia containing the platysma
- Floor: pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland.
Posterior Triangle of the Neck
- Anterior border: posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
- Posterior border: trapezius muscle
- Inferior border: middle third of clavicle
Blood and Lymph
Blood Supply of the Head and Neck
- The head and neck region receives blood supply through the common carotid arteries and vertebral arteries.
- Venous drainage of the head and neck region is largely via the internal jugular vein, with the external jugular vein and anterior jugular vein draining superficial structures.
Carotid Sheath
- A fascial envelope of areolar tissue that encloses and separates the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve (CN X).
- Found deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- Derived from a fusion of the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia (posteriorly), the pretracheal layer of cervical fascia (anteromedially), and the superficial layer of cervical fascia (anterolaterally).
Carotid Arteries
- The right common carotid artery originates from the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk behind the right sternoclavicular joint.
- The left common carotid artery originates directly from the arch of the aorta.
- The left common carotid artery is slightly longer because it courses for about 2cm in the superior mediastinum before entering the neck.
Carotid Sinus
- The location of baroreceptors, which detect changes in blood pressure.
- Has clinical relevance as it can be used to alleviate supra-ventricular tachycardia through gentle rubbing (carotid massage).
Carotid Body
- The location of peripheral chemoreceptors, which detect arterial O2 concentrations.
Blood Supply to the Scalp
- Scalp supplied largely by branches of the external carotid arteries, with the exceptions of the supratrochlear and suborbital arteries, which are branches of the ophthalmic arteries, which arise from the internal carotid arteries.
- Deep lacerations involving the epicranial aponeurosis can cause profuse bleeding due to the opposing pull of occipitofrontalis.
- Loss of blood supply to the scalp does not lead to underlying bone necrosis.
- Blood supply to the skull is mostly from the middle meningeal artery.
Venous Drainage of the Scalp
- Veins of the scalp drain into the external jugular vein and the internal jugular vein.
Blood Supply to Dura and Skull
- Middle Meningeal Artery runs close to the Pterion of the skull and a fracture at this point can rupture the artery and cause Extradural Haemorrhage.
Blood Supply to the Face
- Facial artery is the major artery supplying the face.
Venous Drainage of the Face
- Facial vein is the major venous drainage of the face and drains into the internal jugular vein.
Venous Drainage of the Head
- Internal Jugular Vein
- Drains blood from the brain, face, and neck
- External Jugular Vein
- Drains blood from the superficial structures of the head and neck
External and Internal Jugular Veins
- Both internal and external jugular veins drain into the subclavian vein.
Lymphatic Drainage of the Head and Neck
Terminal Group (Deep Cervical Nodes)
- Receive all the afferent lymph vessels of the head and neck, either directly or indirectly via one of the regional groups.
- Closely related to the carotid sheath (internal jugular vein).
Jugulo-Digastric (Tonsillar Node)
- Located just below and behind the angle of the mandible.
- Lymphatic drainage of the tonsil and tongue.
Jugulo- Omohyoid (Tongue Node)
- Lymphatic drainage of the tongue, oral cavity, trachea, esophagus, and the thyroid gland.
Deep Cervical Nodes in the Posterior Triangle of the Neck
- Lie along the course of the Accessory Nerve.
- Accessory Nerve may have to be removed in malignancy of the neck.
Supraclavicular Nodes
- Located in the root of the neck.
- Enlarge in late stages of malignancies of the thorax and abdomen.
- Virchow’s Node associated with Gastric Carcinoma.
Lymphadenopathy
- Enlargement of lymph nodes.
- Can be caused by infection, inflammation, or malignancy.
Lymph Node Structure
- Cortex:
- Unstimulated B cells pass out rapidly from the node to return to circulation with the lymph.
- If activated by antigenic stimulation, B cells proliferate and remain in the node.
- Paracortex:
- Contains lymphocytes, accessory cells, and supporting cells.
- Predominant site for T-Lymphocytes in the lymph node.
- Medulla:
- Rich in macrophages and comprises:
- Large blood vessels
- Medullary cords (rich in plasma cells, produced Ab’s pass out of the node via the efferent lymphatic)
- Medullary sinuses
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and function of the head and neck muscles, including those responsible for facial expression and mastication. Explore the implications of facial paralysis and the arterial supply of the face. This quiz covers key concepts that are essential for understanding head and neck musculature.
