Podcast
Questions and Answers
What would be the most likely effect of damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
What would be the most likely effect of damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
- Inability to retract the scalp and smooth forehead wrinkles.
- Impaired ability to raise the eyebrows and wrinkle the forehead. (correct)
- Difficulty depressing the nasal septum.
- Difficulty pulling the ear anteriorly.
A patient presents with the inability to close their eyelids tightly. Which muscle is most likely affected?
A patient presents with the inability to close their eyelids tightly. Which muscle is most likely affected?
- Levator palpebrae superioris
- Procerus
- Corrugator supercilii
- Orbicularis oculi (correct)
During a physical exam, a neurologist asks a patient to wrinkle their nose. Which muscle is being tested?
During a physical exam, a neurologist asks a patient to wrinkle their nose. Which muscle is being tested?
- Corrugator supercilii
- Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
- Nasalis
- Procerus (correct)
A surgeon is performing a rhytidectomy (facelift) and needs to be cautious of the nerve supply to the risorius muscle to avoid paralysis of the muscle. Which of the following nerves should the surgeon be most careful to protect?
A surgeon is performing a rhytidectomy (facelift) and needs to be cautious of the nerve supply to the risorius muscle to avoid paralysis of the muscle. Which of the following nerves should the surgeon be most careful to protect?
A patient has difficulty compressing their cheeks while playing a musical instrument. Which muscle is likely affected?
A patient has difficulty compressing their cheeks while playing a musical instrument. Which muscle is likely affected?
A patient is unable to tense the skin of their neck. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
A patient is unable to tense the skin of their neck. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
A lesion in the cervical plexus affects the ansa cervicalis. Which of the following muscles would be directly impacted by this lesion?
A lesion in the cervical plexus affects the ansa cervicalis. Which of the following muscles would be directly impacted by this lesion?
A patient is experiencing difficulty swallowing and imaging reveals damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). Which muscle is most likely affected, contributing to their swallowing difficulties?
A patient is experiencing difficulty swallowing and imaging reveals damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). Which muscle is most likely affected, contributing to their swallowing difficulties?
During a surgical procedure, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is inadvertently damaged. Which muscle's function will be most affected?
During a surgical procedure, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is inadvertently damaged. Which muscle's function will be most affected?
A stroke affects the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Which muscle of the tongue would be LEAST affected due to its different innervation?
A stroke affects the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Which muscle of the tongue would be LEAST affected due to its different innervation?
A patient has difficulty opening their mouth and moving their jaw from side to side. Which muscle is most likely affected?
A patient has difficulty opening their mouth and moving their jaw from side to side. Which muscle is most likely affected?
If a patient is experiencing difficulty in elevating the larynx although there is no evidence of nerve damage, which muscle could directly be the cause of this condition?
If a patient is experiencing difficulty in elevating the larynx although there is no evidence of nerve damage, which muscle could directly be the cause of this condition?
A patient presents with the inability to adduct the eye. Which muscle could be affected?
A patient presents with the inability to adduct the eye. Which muscle could be affected?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the C1 fibers via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the C1 fibers via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
A professional singer notices that they are unable to reach high vocal pitches, even after vocal rest. Which muscle is a likely cause for this inability?
A professional singer notices that they are unable to reach high vocal pitches, even after vocal rest. Which muscle is a likely cause for this inability?
What muscle is the only abductor of the vocal cords?
What muscle is the only abductor of the vocal cords?
A patient has an injury that affects the nerve responsible for tensing the soft palate and opening the auditory tube. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected by this injury?
A patient has an injury that affects the nerve responsible for tensing the soft palate and opening the auditory tube. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected by this injury?
A patient is diagnosed with damage to the nerve that stabilizes the stapes and dampens vibrations to the inner ear. Which muscle is most likely affected?
A patient is diagnosed with damage to the nerve that stabilizes the stapes and dampens vibrations to the inner ear. Which muscle is most likely affected?
A person finds it difficult to extend their head at the atlanto-occipital joint. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
A person finds it difficult to extend their head at the atlanto-occipital joint. Which of the following muscles is most likely affected?
A patient reports double vision and an inability to look downwards and to the side with one of their eyes. Which muscle is most likely affected?
A patient reports double vision and an inability to look downwards and to the side with one of their eyes. Which muscle is most likely affected?
Which muscle is responsible for wrinkling the skin over the bridge of the nose?
Which muscle is responsible for wrinkling the skin over the bridge of the nose?
Which of the following arteries provides the primary blood supply to the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle?
Which of the following arteries provides the primary blood supply to the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle?
Which nerve innervates the zygomaticus major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the zygomaticus major muscle?
A patient presents with difficulty protruding their lower lip and wrinkling their chin. Which muscle is most likely affected?
A patient presents with difficulty protruding their lower lip and wrinkling their chin. Which muscle is most likely affected?
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the buccinator muscle?
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the buccinator muscle?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the ansa cervicalis?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the ansa cervicalis?
Damage to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve would directly affect which muscle?
Damage to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve would directly affect which muscle?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
A patient exhibits an inability to abduct the eye. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?
A patient exhibits an inability to abduct the eye. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating and retracting the hyoid bone?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating and retracting the hyoid bone?
The transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles are innervated by which nerve?
The transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles are innervated by which nerve?
During a surgical procedure near the larynx, a surgeon inadvertently damages a nerve, leading to the patient's inability to tense their vocal cords properly. Which of the following nerves was most likely damaged?
During a surgical procedure near the larynx, a surgeon inadvertently damages a nerve, leading to the patient's inability to tense their vocal cords properly. Which of the following nerves was most likely damaged?
A patient presents with difficulty elevating the soft palate during speech and swallowing. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely affected?
A patient presents with difficulty elevating the soft palate during speech and swallowing. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely affected?
A patient is diagnosed with damage to cranial nerve XII, affecting most of the tongue muscles. Which action would be MOST affected by this damage?
A patient is diagnosed with damage to cranial nerve XII, affecting most of the tongue muscles. Which action would be MOST affected by this damage?
A patient has suffered damage to the nerve that provides sensory innervation to the skin over the occipital region of the scalp, and also affects the retraction of the scalp. Which nerve is most likely affected?
A patient has suffered damage to the nerve that provides sensory innervation to the skin over the occipital region of the scalp, and also affects the retraction of the scalp. Which nerve is most likely affected?
A surgeon is performing a delicate procedure near the middle ear. To prevent potential hearing dysfunction, the surgeon must carefully avoid damaging the nerve to which of the following muscles?
A surgeon is performing a delicate procedure near the middle ear. To prevent potential hearing dysfunction, the surgeon must carefully avoid damaging the nerve to which of the following muscles?
A patient is undergoing treatment for dysphagia. During the diagnostic workup, it's determined that the cricopharyngeus muscle is not relaxing properly. Failure of this muscle to relax would directly impair:
A patient is undergoing treatment for dysphagia. During the diagnostic workup, it's determined that the cricopharyngeus muscle is not relaxing properly. Failure of this muscle to relax would directly impair:
A 62-year-old patient who had a laryngectomy due to laryngeal cancer is now experiencing difficulties with phonation post-surgery. During examination, it's found that they cannot modulate their vocal pitch effectively. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely responsible for this condition?
A 62-year-old patient who had a laryngectomy due to laryngeal cancer is now experiencing difficulties with phonation post-surgery. During examination, it's found that they cannot modulate their vocal pitch effectively. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely responsible for this condition?
A medical student is studying the muscles of facial expression and their innervations. They are particularly interested in the muscles that contribute to specific emotional expressions. Which muscle is primarily responsible for the 'grimace' expression, characterized by drawing the corner of the mouth laterally?
A medical student is studying the muscles of facial expression and their innervations. They are particularly interested in the muscles that contribute to specific emotional expressions. Which muscle is primarily responsible for the 'grimace' expression, characterized by drawing the corner of the mouth laterally?
A researcher is studying the intricate control of tongue movements during speech. They use electromyography (EMG) to monitor muscle activity. During a task that requires the subject to protrude the tongue while keeping it depressed, which muscle would show the MOST significant activity?
A researcher is studying the intricate control of tongue movements during speech. They use electromyography (EMG) to monitor muscle activity. During a task that requires the subject to protrude the tongue while keeping it depressed, which muscle would show the MOST significant activity?
The ______ muscle retracts the scalp and smooths forehead wrinkles.
The ______ muscle retracts the scalp and smooths forehead wrinkles.
The ______ muscle is responsible for depressing the nasal septum and helps in flaring the nostrils.
The ______ muscle is responsible for depressing the nasal septum and helps in flaring the nostrils.
The ______ muscle closes the eyelids, with the palpebral part for gentle closure and the orbital part for forceful closure.
The ______ muscle closes the eyelids, with the palpebral part for gentle closure and the orbital part for forceful closure.
The risorius muscle draws the corner of the mouth laterally, creating a ______.
The risorius muscle draws the corner of the mouth laterally, creating a ______.
The ______ muscle compresses the cheek, aiding in chewing, blowing, and sucking.
The ______ muscle compresses the cheek, aiding in chewing, blowing, and sucking.
The ______ muscle tenses the skin of the neck and depresses the mandible.
The ______ muscle tenses the skin of the neck and depresses the mandible.
The ______ muscle rotates the head to the opposite side and flexes the neck.
The ______ muscle rotates the head to the opposite side and flexes the neck.
The ______ muscle elevates and retracts the hyoid during swallowing.
The ______ muscle elevates and retracts the hyoid during swallowing.
The ______ muscle elevates the floor of the mouth and the hyoid bone.
The ______ muscle elevates the floor of the mouth and the hyoid bone.
The ______ muscle elevates the larynx and depresses the hyoid bone.
The ______ muscle elevates the larynx and depresses the hyoid bone.
The ______ muscle tenses the vocal cords and raises pitch.
The ______ muscle tenses the vocal cords and raises pitch.
The anterior scalene muscle elevates the first rib and aids in lateral ______ flexion.
The anterior scalene muscle elevates the first rib and aids in lateral ______ flexion.
The ______ muscle elevates the scapula and rotates it downward.
The ______ muscle elevates the scapula and rotates it downward.
The ______ muscle extends, laterally flexes, and rotates the head.
The ______ muscle extends, laterally flexes, and rotates the head.
The ______ muscle elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula.
The ______ muscle elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula.
The ______ muscle elevates the mandible, closing the jaw.
The ______ muscle elevates the mandible, closing the jaw.
The ______ muscle protrudes the mandible, opens the jaw, and facilitates side-to-side movements.
The ______ muscle protrudes the mandible, opens the jaw, and facilitates side-to-side movements.
The ______ muscle acts as the sole abductor of vocal cords uniquely opening the rima glottidis.
The ______ muscle acts as the sole abductor of vocal cords uniquely opening the rima glottidis.
Uniquely innervated, unlike its lingual counterparts, via the pharyngeal plexus of CN X rather than CN XII, what muscle elevates the posterior tongue, contributing to the narrowing of the oropharyngeal isthmus?
Uniquely innervated, unlike its lingual counterparts, via the pharyngeal plexus of CN X rather than CN XII, what muscle elevates the posterior tongue, contributing to the narrowing of the oropharyngeal isthmus?
Which muscle, innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV), uniquely depresses, abducts, and rotates the eye medially, distinguishing its function from other extraocular muscles?
Which muscle, innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV), uniquely depresses, abducts, and rotates the eye medially, distinguishing its function from other extraocular muscles?
Flashcards
Frontalis Muscle Function
Frontalis Muscle Function
Raises eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead.
Occipitalis Muscle Function
Occipitalis Muscle Function
Retracts the scalp and smooths the forehead wrinkles.
Corrugator Supercilii Function
Corrugator Supercilii Function
Draws the eyebrows medially and downward, creating a frown.
Orbicularis Oculi Function
Orbicularis Oculi Function
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Nasalis Function
Nasalis Function
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Levator Labii Superioris Function
Levator Labii Superioris Function
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Risorius Muscle Function
Risorius Muscle Function
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Zygomaticus Major Function
Zygomaticus Major Function
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Zygomaticus Minor Function
Zygomaticus Minor Function
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Buccinator Function
Buccinator Function
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Depressor Anguli Oris Function
Depressor Anguli Oris Function
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Depressor Labii Inferioris Function
Depressor Labii Inferioris Function
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Mentalis Function
Mentalis Function
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Platysma Function
Platysma Function
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Thyrohyoid Function
Thyrohyoid Function
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Cricothyroid Function
Cricothyroid Function
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Posterior Cricoarytenoid Function
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Function
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Lateral Cricoarytenoid Function
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Function
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Genioglossus Function
Genioglossus Function
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Levator Veli Palatini Function
Levator Veli Palatini Function
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Auricularis Anterior Function
Auricularis Anterior Function
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Auricularis Superior Function
Auricularis Superior Function
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Auricularis Posterior Function
Auricularis Posterior Function
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Depressor Septi Nasi Function
Depressor Septi Nasi Function
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Nasalis Action
Nasalis Action
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Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi Function
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi Function
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Levator Anguli Oris Function
Levator Anguli Oris Function
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Orbicularis Oris Function
Orbicularis Oris Function
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Sternocleidomastoid Function
Sternocleidomastoid Function
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Stylohyoid Function
Stylohyoid Function
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Digastric (anterior belly) Function
Digastric (anterior belly) Function
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Digastric (posterior belly) Function
Digastric (posterior belly) Function
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Mylohyoid Function
Mylohyoid Function
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Geniohyoid Function
Geniohyoid Function
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Omohyoid (superior belly) Function
Omohyoid (superior belly) Function
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Omohyoid (inferior belly) Function
Omohyoid (inferior belly) Function
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Sternothyroid Function
Sternothyroid Function
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Anterior Scalene Function
Anterior Scalene Function
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Levator Scapulae Function
Levator Scapulae Function
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Splenius Capitis Function
Splenius Capitis Function
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Hyoglossus Function
Hyoglossus Function
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Transverse & Oblique Arytenoids Function
Transverse & Oblique Arytenoids Function
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Longissimus Capitis Function
Longissimus Capitis Function
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Temporalis Function
Temporalis Function
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Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor Function
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor Function
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Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Function
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Function
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Splenius Cervicis Function
Splenius Cervicis Function
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Tensor Veli Palatini Function
Tensor Veli Palatini Function
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Tensor Tympani Function
Tensor Tympani Function
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Stylopharyngeus Function
Stylopharyngeus Function
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Palatopharyngeus Function
Palatopharyngeus Function
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Stapedius Function
Stapedius Function
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Study Notes
Frontalis
- Arterial Supply: Supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries (branches of ophthalmic artery, from ICA)
- Innervation: Temporal branch of CN VII
- Function: Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
Occipitalis
- Arterial Supply: Occipital artery from external carotid
- Innervation: Posterior auricular branch of CN VII
- Function: Retracts scalp; smooths forehead wrinkles
Auricularis Anterior
- Arterial Supply: Superficial temporal artery
- Innervation: Temporal branch of CN VII
- Function: Pulls ear anteriorly
Auricularis Superior
- Arterial Supply: Superficial temporal artery
- Innervation: Temporal branch of CN VII
- Function: Elevates ear
Auricularis Posterior
- Arterial Supply: Posterior auricular artery
- Innervation: Posterior auricular branch of CN VII
- Function: Pulls ear posteriorly
Depressor Septi Nasi
- Arterial Supply: Superior labial artery branch of facial artery
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Depresses nasal septum and helps flare nostrils
Corrugator Supercilii
- Arterial Supply: Supratrochlear artery from ophthalmic artery
- Innervation: Temporal branch of CN VII
- Function: Draws eyebrows medially and downward (frown)
Orbicularis Oculi
- Arterial Supply: Superficial temporal and Facial artery
- Innervation: Temporal and zygomatic branches of CN VII
- Function: Closes eyelids (gentle = palpebral, forceful = orbital part)
Procerus
- Arterial Supply: Angular artery from Facial artery and ophthalmic artery
- Innervation: Temporal branch of CN VII
- Function: Wrinkles skin over bridge of nose
Nasalis
- Arterial Supply: Superior labial artery from facial artery
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Compresses nasal cartilage; flares nostrils
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
- Arterial Supply: Angular artery branch of facial artery
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Elevates upper lip and flares nostrils
Levator Anguli Oris
- Arterial Supply: Superior labial and angular arteries from facial artery
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Elevates angle of mouth (smile)
Levator Labii Superioris
- Arterial Supply: Superior labial artery from facial artery
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Elevates upper lip
Risorius
- Arterial Supply: Transverse facial artery from superficial temporal artery and branches of facial artery
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Draws corner of mouth laterally (grimace)
Zygomaticus Major
- Arterial Supply: Transverse facial and facial arteries
- Innervation: Zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII
- Function: Elevates angle of mouth (smile)
Zygomaticus Minor
- Arterial Supply: Superior labial artery from facial artery
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Elevates upper lip
Buccinator
- Arterial Supply: Buccal artery (from maxillary artery); facial and transverse facial arteries
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Compresses cheek (aids chewing, blowing, sucking)
Orbicularis Oris
- Arterial Supply: Superior and inferior labial arteries (from facial artery)
- Innervation: Buccal branch of CN VII
- Function: Closes, protrudes, and compresses lips
Depressor Anguli Oris
- Arterial Supply: Inferior labial artery (from facial artery)
- Innervation: Mandibular (marginal) branch of CN VII
- Function: Depresses angle of mouth (frown)
Depressor Labii Inferioris
- Arterial Supply: Inferior labial artery (from facial artery)
- Innervation: Mandibular (marginal) branch of CN VII
- Function: Depresses lower lip
Mentalis
- Arterial Supply: Inferior labial artery (from facial artery)
- Innervation: Mandibular (marginal) branch of CN VII
- Function: Protrudes lower lip; wrinkles chin
Platysma
- Arterial Supply: Submental branch of facial artery; suprascapular artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
- Innervation: Cervical branch of Facial Nerve (CN VII, motor)
- Function: Tenses skin of neck, depresses mandible
Sternocleidomastoid
- Arterial Supply: Sternocleidomastoid branch of occipital artery, superior thyroid artery, suprascapular artery
- Innervation: Motor: Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI); Sensory: C2–C3 via cervical plexus
- Function: Rotates head to opposite side; flexes neck
Stylohyoid
- Arterial Supply: Supra-hyoid branch of facial artery
- Innervation: Stylohyoid branch of Facial Nerve (CN VII, motor)
- Function: Elevates and retracts hyoid during swallowing
Digastric (Anterior Belly)
- Arterial Supply: Submental artery (branch of facial artery)
- Innervation: Mylohyoid nerve (branch of inferior alveolar nerve, from CN V3)
- Function: Depresses mandible; elevates hyoid
Digastric (Posterior Belly)
- Arterial Supply: Muscular branch of occipital artery, posterior auricular artery
- Innervation: Digastric branch of CN VII (motor)
- Function: Elevates hyoid
Mylohyoid
- Arterial Supply: Mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery, submental artery
- Innervation: Mylohyoid nerve (branch of CN V3)
- Function: Elevates floor of mouth, hyoid
Geniohyoid
- Arterial Supply: Sublingual artery (branch of lingual artery)
- Innervation: C1 fibers via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) (motor)
- Function: Pulls hyoid anteriorly and superiorly
Sternohyoid
- Arterial Supply: Superior thyroid artery, sternocleidomastoid branch of occipital artery
- Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1–C3) from cervical plexus
- Function: Depresses hyoid
Omohyoid (Superior Belly)
- Arterial Supply: Superior thyroid artery
- Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1–C3)
- Function: Depresses hyoid and stabilizes it
Omohyoid (Inferior Belly)
- Arterial Supply: Transverse cervical artery (branch of thyrocervical trunk)
- Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1–C3)
- Function: Depresses and stabilizes hyoid
Thyrohyoid
- Arterial Supply: Superior thyroid artery, possibly lingual artery
- Innervation: C1 fibers via CN XII (motor)
- Function: Elevates larynx; depresses hyoid
Sternothyroid
- Arterial Supply: Cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid artery
- Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1–C3)
- Function: Depresses thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid
- Arterial Supply: Cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid artery (from external carotid)
- Innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve (from CN X)
- Function: Tenses vocal cords, raises pitch
Anterior Scalene
- Arterial Supply: Ascending cervical artery (from inferior thyroid artery)
- Innervation: Ventral rami of C4–C6 (direct muscular branches)
- Function: Elevates 1st rib; lateral neck flexion
Middle Scalene
- Arterial Supply: Ascending cervical artery, cervical dorsal branches
- Innervation: Ventral rami of C3–C8
- Function: Elevates 1st rib; lateral flexion
Posterior Scalene
- Arterial Supply: Ascending cervical artery, suprascapular artery
- Innervation: Ventral rami of C6–C8
- Function: Elevates 2nd rib; lateral flexion
Levator Scapulae
- Arterial Supply: Dorsal scapular artery (from subclavian), transverse cervical artery
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5) + C3, C4 (sensory/motor branches)
- Function: Elevates scapula, rotates it downward
Splenius Capitis
- Arterial Supply: Descending branch of occipital artery, deep cervical artery
- Innervation: Dorsal rami of C3–C5 spinal nerves
- Function: Extends, laterally flexes, rotates head
Trapezius
- Arterial Supply: Transverse cervical artery, occipital artery, dorsal scapular artery
- Innervation: Motor: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI); Sensory: C3–C4
- Function: Elevates, retracts, rotates scapula
Occipitalis
- Arterial Supply: Occipital artery (from external carotid)
- Innervation: Posterior auricular branch of CN VII (motor)
- Function: Retracts scalp
Splenius Cervicis
- Arterial Supply: Transverse cervical artery, descending occipital artery
- Innervation: Dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves
- Function: Extends and rotates neck
Semispinalis Capitis
- Arterial Supply: Deep cervical artery (from costocervical trunk), occipital artery
- Innervation: Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
- Function: Extends head and rotates contralaterally
Longissimus Capitis
- Arterial Supply: Deep cervical artery (from costocervical trunk), occipital artery
- Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves (C3–C6)
- Function: Extends and rotates head to same side
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
- Arterial Supply: Vertebral artery, deep cervical artery
- Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus)
- Function: Extends head at atlanto-occipital joint
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
- Arterial Supply: Vertebral artery, deep cervical artery
- Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus)
- Function: Extends and rotates head to same side
Obliquus Capitis Superior
- Arterial Supply: Vertebral artery, occipital artery
- Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus)
- Function: Extends and laterally flexes head
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
- Arterial Supply: Vertebral artery, deep cervical artery
- Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (C1 dorsal ramus)
- Function: Rotates atlas (C1) on axis (C2)
Temporalis
- Arterial Supply: Deep temporal arteries (from maxillary artery)
- Innervation: Deep temporal nerves (branches of CN V3)
- Function: Elevates and retracts mandible
Masseter
- Arterial Supply: Masseteric artery (from maxillary artery)
- Innervation: Masseteric nerve (branch of CN V3)
- Function: Elevates mandible (closes jaw)
Lateral Pterygoid
- Arterial Supply: Pterygoid branches of maxillary artery
- Innervation: Lateral pterygoid nerve (from CN V3)
- Function: Protrudes mandible; opens jaw; side-to-side movements
Medial Pterygoid
- Arterial Supply: Pterygoid branches of facial and maxillary arteries
- Innervation: Medial pterygoid nerve (from CN V3)
- Function: Elevates and protrudes mandible; grinding motion
Superior Constrictor
- Arterial Supply: Ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery, lingual artery
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus (CN X) via pharyngeal branch of vagus with CN XI fibers
- Function: Constricts upper pharynx during swallowing
Middle Constrictor
- Arterial Supply: Ascending pharyngeal, facial, and lingual arteries
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
- Function: Constricts middle pharynx
Inferior Constrictor
- Arterial Supply: Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus (CN X) + external & recurrent laryngeal nerves (CN X)
- Function: Constricts lower pharynx
Cricopharyngeus (UES)
- Arterial Supply: Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk)
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X) and external laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Forms upper esophageal sphincter (UES), relaxes to allow bolus passage
Salpingopharyngeus
- Arterial Supply: Ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
- Function: Elevates pharynx; opens auditory tube during swallowing
Stylopharyngeus
- Arterial Supply: Ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery
- Innervation: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) (motor)
- Function: Elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing
Palatopharyngeus
- Arterial Supply: Ascending palatine artery, ascending pharyngeal artery
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus (CN X) via cranial root of CN XI
- Function: Elevates pharynx; closes nasopharynx during swallowing
Palatoglossus
- Arterial Supply: Ascending palatine artery (from facial artery)
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus via CN X (only tongue muscle not by CN XII)
- Function: Elevates posterior tongue; narrows oropharyngeal isthmus
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
- Arterial Supply: Inferior laryngeal artery (from inferior thyroid artery)
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Only abductor of vocal cords (opens rima glottidis)
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
- Arterial Supply: Inferior laryngeal artery
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Adducts vocal cords (closes rima glottidis)
Transverse & Oblique Arytenoids
- Arterial Supply: Inferior laryngeal artery
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Adduct arytenoid cartilages, closes posterior glottis
Aryepiglottic
- Arterial Supply: Superior laryngeal artery
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Draws epiglottis over laryngeal inlet (closes airway during swallowing)
Thyroarytenoid
- Arterial Supply: Inferior laryngeal artery
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Relaxes vocal folds; lowers pitch
Vocalis
- Arterial Supply: Inferior laryngeal artery
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Fine-tunes vocal cord tension (modulates pitch)
Cricothyroid
- Arterial Supply: Cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid artery
- Innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve (CN X)
- Function: Tenses vocal cords (increases pitch)
Genioglossus
- Arterial Supply: Deep lingual artery (from lingual artery)
- Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Function: Protrudes tongue; depresses center
Hyoglossus
- Arterial Supply: Sublingual artery and deep lingual artery
- Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Function: Depresses and retracts tongue
Styloglossus
- Arterial Supply: Sublingual and deep lingual arteries
- Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Function: Retracts and elevates tongue sides
Superior Longitudinal
- Arterial Supply: Deep lingual artery (from lingual artery)
- Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Function: Elevates tip and sides of tongue; shortens tongue
Inferior Longitudinal
- Arterial Supply: Deep lingual artery
- Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Function: Depresses tip of tongue; shortens tongue
Transverse
- Arterial Supply: Deep lingual artery
- Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Function: Narrows and elongates tongue
Vertical
- Arterial Supply: Deep lingual artery
- Innervation: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Function: Flattens and broadens tongue
Levator Veli Palatini
- Arterial Supply: Ascending palatine artery (from facial artery), ascending pharyngeal artery
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus via CN X (cranial root of CN XI)
- Function: Elevates soft palate during swallowing & yawning
Tensor Veli Palatini
- Arterial Supply: Descending palatine artery (from maxillary artery)
- Innervation: Medial pterygoid nerve (branch of CN V3)
- Function: Tenses soft palate; opens auditory tube
Musculus Uvulae
- Arterial Supply: Ascending palatine and ascending pharyngeal arteries
- Innervation: Pharyngeal plexus via CN X
- Function: Elevates and retracts uvula
Tensor Tympani
- Arterial Supply: Superior tympanic branch (from middle meningeal artery, via maxillary artery)
- Innervation: Medial pterygoid nerve (from CN V3)
- Function: Tenses tympanic membrane (dampens loud sounds)
Stapedius
- Arterial Supply: Posterior auricular artery (from external carotid), stapedial artery (fetal in humans)
- Innervation: Nerve to stapedius (from CN VII)
- Function: Stabilizes stapes; dampens vibration to inner ear
Superior Rectus
- Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery → muscular branches
- Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III), superior division
- Function: Elevates, adducts, and medially rotates the eye
Inferior Rectus
- Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery → muscular branches
- Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior division
- Function: Depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates the eye
Medial Rectus
- Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery → muscular branches
- Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior division
- Function: Adducts eye
Lateral Rectus
- Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery → muscular branches
- Innervation: Abducens nerve (CN VI)
- Function: Abducts eye
Superior Oblique
- Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery → muscular branches
- Innervation: Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
- Function: Depresses, abducts, and medially rotates eye
Inferior Oblique
- Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery → muscular branches
- Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior division
- Function: Elevates, abducts, and laterally rotates eye
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
- Arterial Supply: Ophthalmic artery → lacrimal and supraorbital branches
- Innervation: CN III (superior division) for skeletal portion, and sympathetics (superior cervical ganglion) for tarsal part
- Function: Elevates upper eyelid (main elevator)
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