Hệ thống máu và tuần hoàn

Introduction to Blood and Circulatory System

• This is a study guide on the Blood and Circulatory System.

Blood Composition

• In adult humans, blood volume is approximately 5 liters.
• Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
• Plasma proteins include albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen, synthesized mainly in the liver. Albumin: 60%, Globulin: 35%, Fibrinogen: 5%.

Blood Cell Production

• Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
• Different types of blood cells are produced, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• Life span: about 120 days.
• In men, the count is approximately 4.7 to 6.1 million cells/µl.
• In women, the count is approximately 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/µl.
• Their function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
• Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

• Normal range: 4,500 to 10,000 cells/µl.
• Different types exist, with varying lifespans and functions.
• They play a vital role in the body's immune system.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

• Normal count: 150,000 to 450,000 platelets/µl.
• They are essential for blood clotting.
• They form a platelet plug and help promote clot formation.

Blood Groups

• ABO system: A, B, AB, and O blood types are determined by antigens on the red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma.
• Rh system: Rh+ (presence of Rh antigen) and Rh- (absence of Rh antigen) status determines potential for Rh incompatibility issues.

Blood Transfusion

• Blood compatibility is crucial during transfusion.
• Universal donor for blood is O-.
• Universal recipient for blood is AB+.
• Transfusable components: red blood cells (RBC), platelets, and fresh frozen plasma.

Circulatory System

• There are two broad categories: open and closed circulatory systems.
• Open circulatory systems circulate hemolymph, not blood.
• Closed circulatory systems circulate blood within vessels.

Blood Vessels

• Arteries are muscular-walled tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
• Capillaries are small vessels for connecting arteries and veins, facilitating nutrient and gas exchange with tissues.

Heart Valves

• Valves within the heart prevent backflow of blood.
• Specific valves like tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), pulmonary, and aortic valve ensure one-way blood flow.

Jaundice

• Jaundice occurs due to bilirubin (conjugated and unconjugated) levels being elevated.

Lab Tests

• Used for the detection and diagnosis of various blood-related conditions.

Platelet Disorders & Diseases

• Some conditions impact platelets affecting blood clotting abilities.

Blood Clot Formation

• Platelet activation and fibrin formation are crucial for blood clot development.

Overview of Circulatory System Evolution in Animals

• Evolutionary perspective on the circulatory systems in animals

Overview of Evolution

• A brief overview of the evolution of circulatory systems in animals.

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