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Questions and Answers

ما هي العوامل المناخية التي تؤثر على الإنتاج الزراعي؟

  • المناخ الجاف
  • المناخ المعتدل فقط
  • التضاريس فقط
  • الحرارة والرطوبة والضوء (correct)

ما هي المناطق الحرارية التي تعتبر حيوية لنمو النباتات؟

  • المناطق الاستوائية والمعتدلة فقط
  • المناطق الباردة والقطبية
  • المناطق الاستوائية، تحت الاستوائية، المعتدلة والباردة (correct)
  • المناطق الدافئة والمعتدلة فقط

ما هو تأثير درجات الحرارة المنخفضة على النباتات؟

  • تقوية الأنسجة النباتية
  • أضرار مثل الاختناق والعطش الفسيولوجي (correct)
  • تحفيز النمو السريع
  • زيادة الرطوبة الجوية

ما هي طرق قياس الكفاءة الحرارية للنباتات؟

<p>نظام الوحدات الحرارية وطول موسم النمو (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

كيف تؤثر الرطوبة الجوية على النباتات؟

<p>تساعد في عملية التبخر والنتح (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ما هو التأثير الرئيسي للضوء على النباتات؟

<p>تحفيز عملية البناء الضوئي (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

كيف يتميز الفصيل C₄ عن الفصيل C₃ في استخدام الضوء؟

<p>C₄ يستخدم الضوء بفعالية أكبر (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ما هي أهمية تأقلم النباتات مع الضوء؟

<p>تمكين النباتات من الإنتاج تحت ظروف ضوء متغيرة (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

أي من التالي يعتبر ضروريًا للنمو الجيد للنباتات؟

<p>وجود ضوء كافٍ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ما الذي يميز النباتات من النوع C₃ مقارنة بتلك من النوع C₄ من حيث استخدام الضوء؟

<p>تكون أقل كفاءة في تحويل الضوء إلى طاقة (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Effect of light on plants

Light influences plant growth, development, and photosynthesis.

Climatic Factors

Environmental factors related to weather and climate, influencing plant growth and distribution.

C3 plants

Plants using the C3 carbon fixation pathway in photosynthesis.

Temperature and Crop Types

Different crops thrive in different temperature ranges, categorized as cold/temperate or warm/hot-weather crops.

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C4 plants

Plants utilizing the C4 carbon fixation pathway in photosynthesis.

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Plant Cold Hardening

Processes that allow plants to tolerate or resist cold temperatures by adjusting their physiology.

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High Temperature Injury

Damaging effects of excessive heat on plants, such as wilting, heat stress, etc. impacting crop yield.

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Light adaptation

Plants' ability to adjust to varying light conditions.

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Photosynthesis

Process where plants use light to make food.

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Humidity & Plant Water Use

Moisture content in the air affects plant transpiration and water use. Low humidity = high water loss. High humidity = less water loss.

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Study Notes

  • Billings (1952) divided environmental factors affecting field crops into five main groups:
    • Climatic factors
    • Edaphic factors
    • Geographic factors
    • Pyric factor (fire)
    • Biotic factors

Climatic Factors in Relation to Field Crop Production

  • Temperature significantly impacts crop growth.

    • Critical temperatures are necessary for optimal growth.
    • Crops are classified as either cold/temperate or warm/hot climate crops.
    • Methods for measuring heat efficiency exist.
  • Low temperatures can lead to:

    • Suffocation
    • Physiological drought
    • Heaving (uplift)
    • Freezing injury
  • High temperature can damage crops.

    • Methods for protecting crops from the harmful effects of high temperatures.
    • Strategies include plant hardening.

Climatic Factors- Temperature

  • Temperature varies with latitude and altitude.
  • Plants have optimal temperature ranges for growth and development.
  • Plants are categorized into cold-season and warm-season crops based on their temperature tolerance.

Classification of Climate Regions

  • Henry et al (1934) classified the world into 5 climate zones based on temperature and their effects on plant life are:
    • Tropical zones
    • Sub-tropical zones
    • Temperate zones
    • Cold zones
    • Polar zones

Atmospheric Moisture (Humidity)

  • Two types exist:
    • Absolute humidity
    • Relative humidity

Light

  • Light is crucial for plant growth.
  • Light duration, intensity and quality impact plant development.
  • Categorization by light needs:
    • Light-loving plants (Heliophytes)
    • Shade-loving plants (Sciophytes)
  • Light and plant growth orientation (Phototropism & Geotropism)
  • Light and seed germination
  • Light and plant reproduction
  • Light's effect on plant forms

Light and Plant Growth

  • Light distribution affects crop density in fields.
    • Planting methods: equidistant, square, ridge/row spacing
    • Thining

Photoperiodism

  • Plants respond to day length.
    • Long-day crops
    • Short-day crops
    • Day-neutral crops

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