24 Questions
What is the primary mechanism by which information is stored in Long-Term Memory?
Rehearsal
According to the total time hypothesis, what is the amount of information retained proportional to?
Rehearsal time
What is the term for when new information replaces old information in Long-Term Memory?
Retroactive interference
What is the process by which information is reproduced from memory with the assistance of cues?
Recall
What type of reasoning involves deriving a logically necessary conclusion from given premises?
Deduction
What is the term for the process of solving complex problems?
Problem solving
What occurs when old information interferes with the encoding of new information?
Proactive inhibition
What is the term for the process of recognizing previously encountered information?
Recognition
What is an essential characteristic of a skilled activity?
Chunking of information to optimize STM
What is the primary cause of mistakes in problem-solving?
Incorrect understanding
According to the James-Lange theory, what is emotion?
Our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimulus
How does negative affect influence problem-solving?
It leads to narrow thinking
What is the main difference between inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning generalizes from cases seen to cases unseen, whereas abductive reasoning reasons from event to cause
What is the primary implication of stress on interface design?
It increases the difficulty of problem-solving
What is the limitation of inductive reasoning?
It can only prove false, not true
What is the main idea behind Wason's cards?
To demonstrate the unreliability of inductive reasoning
What type of error occurs when there is a right intention, but the action fails?
Slip
What is the term for the biological response to physical stimuli?
Affect
What is the main difference between productive and reproductive problem solving?
Productive problem solving involves insight and restructuring of problem, whereas reproductive problem solving involves using existing knowledge
What is a crucial consideration in interface design to avoid excluding a section of the user population?
Designing for individual differences
What is the main idea behind problem space theory?
It involves generating states using legal operators and heuristics
What is the main limitation of Gestalt theory in problem solving?
It lacks enough evidence to explain 'insight' and other concepts
What is the main difference between reasoning and problem solving?
Reasoning involves making conclusions, whereas problem solving involves finding a solution
Why do humans bring world knowledge to bear in reasoning?
Because it is a natural part of human thinking
Study Notes
Human Memory
- LTM (Long-Term Memory): stores information through rehearsal, with the amount retained proportional to rehearsal time.
- Information in LTM is easier to remember if it has structure, meaning, and familiarity.
- Forgetting in LTM can occur due to decay, interference, or emotional factors.
Retrieval
- Recall: information is reproduced from memory, and can be assisted by cues such as categories or imagery.
- Recognition: information is recognized as having been seen before, and is less complex than recall.
Thinking
- Reasoning includes deduction, induction, and abduction.
- Problem solving involves finding a solution to an unfamiliar task using knowledge.
Deductive Reasoning
- Deduction involves deriving a logically necessary conclusion from given premises.
- However, logical conclusions are not necessarily true, and people may bring world knowledge to bear.
Inductive Reasoning
- Induction involves generalizing from cases seen to cases unseen.
- Inductive reasoning is unreliable, as it can only prove false, not true.
Abductive Reasoning
- Abductive reasoning involves reasoning from an event to its cause.
- It is unreliable, as it can lead to false explanations.
Problem Solving
- Problem space theory involves generating states using legal operators and heuristics.
- Analogy involves mapping knowledge from a similar problem domain to a novel problem.
- Skill acquisition involves chunking information to optimize STM and structuring information more effectively.
Errors and Mental Models
- Errors can be categorized into slips (right intention, wrong execution) and mistakes (wrong intention).
- Mental models can lead to errors if they are incorrect or differ from the actual system.
Emotion
- Emotion involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli.
- The biological response to physical stimuli is called affect, which influences how we respond to situations.
- Emotion can impact problem solving, with positive affect leading to creative problem solving and negative affect leading to narrow thinking.
Implications for Interface Design
- Stress can increase the difficulty of problem solving, while relaxed users are more forgiving of design shortcomings.
- Aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces can increase positive affect.
Individual Differences
- Long-term individual differences include sex, physical and intellectual abilities.
- Short-term individual differences include the effects of stress or fatigue.
- Changing individual differences include age.
- Design decisions should consider whether they may exclude a section of the user population.
This quiz covers the concepts of Human Computer Interaction, specifically the storage of information in Long-Term Memory (LTM), including rehearsal, total time hypothesis, distribution of practice effect, and the role of structure, meaning, and familiarity in remembering information.
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