HCI Chapter 2-4: Human Computer Interaction - LTM Storage
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which information is stored in Long-Term Memory?

  • Interference
  • Rehearsal (correct)
  • Retrieval
  • Distribution of practice effect

    • According to the total time hypothesis, what is the amount of information retained proportional to?

  • Storage capacity
  • Rehearsal time (correct)
  • Time of information encoding
  • Interference from new information

    • What is the term for when new information replaces old information in Long-Term Memory?

  • Forgetting
  • Retroactive interference (correct)
  • Decay
  • Proactive inhibition

    • What is the process by which information is reproduced from memory with the assistance of cues?

    <p>Recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning involves deriving a logically necessary conclusion from given premises?

    <p>Deduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of solving complex problems?

    <p>Problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when old information interferes with the encoding of new information?

    <p>Proactive inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of recognizing previously encountered information?

    <p>Recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of a skilled activity?

    <p>Chunking of information to optimize STM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mistakes in problem-solving?

    <p>Incorrect understanding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the James-Lange theory, what is emotion?

    <p>Our interpretation of a physiological response to a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does negative affect influence problem-solving?

    <p>It leads to narrow thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between inductive reasoning and abductive reasoning?

    <p>Inductive reasoning generalizes from cases seen to cases unseen, whereas abductive reasoning reasons from event to cause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary implication of stress on interface design?

    <p>It increases the difficulty of problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of inductive reasoning?

    <p>It can only prove false, not true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Wason's cards?

    <p>To demonstrate the unreliability of inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of error occurs when there is a right intention, but the action fails?

    <p>Slip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the biological response to physical stimuli?

    <p>Affect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between productive and reproductive problem solving?

    <p>Productive problem solving involves insight and restructuring of problem, whereas reproductive problem solving involves using existing knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration in interface design to avoid excluding a section of the user population?

    <p>Designing for individual differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind problem space theory?

    <p>It involves generating states using legal operators and heuristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of Gestalt theory in problem solving?

    <p>It lacks enough evidence to explain 'insight' and other concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between reasoning and problem solving?

    <p>Reasoning involves making conclusions, whereas problem solving involves finding a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do humans bring world knowledge to bear in reasoning?

    <p>Because it is a natural part of human thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Memory

    • LTM (Long-Term Memory): stores information through rehearsal, with the amount retained proportional to rehearsal time.
    • Information in LTM is easier to remember if it has structure, meaning, and familiarity.
    • Forgetting in LTM can occur due to decay, interference, or emotional factors.

    Retrieval

    • Recall: information is reproduced from memory, and can be assisted by cues such as categories or imagery.
    • Recognition: information is recognized as having been seen before, and is less complex than recall.

    Thinking

    • Reasoning includes deduction, induction, and abduction.
    • Problem solving involves finding a solution to an unfamiliar task using knowledge.

    Deductive Reasoning

    • Deduction involves deriving a logically necessary conclusion from given premises.
    • However, logical conclusions are not necessarily true, and people may bring world knowledge to bear.

    Inductive Reasoning

    • Induction involves generalizing from cases seen to cases unseen.
    • Inductive reasoning is unreliable, as it can only prove false, not true.

    Abductive Reasoning

    • Abductive reasoning involves reasoning from an event to its cause.
    • It is unreliable, as it can lead to false explanations.

    Problem Solving

    • Problem space theory involves generating states using legal operators and heuristics.
    • Analogy involves mapping knowledge from a similar problem domain to a novel problem.
    • Skill acquisition involves chunking information to optimize STM and structuring information more effectively.

    Errors and Mental Models

    • Errors can be categorized into slips (right intention, wrong execution) and mistakes (wrong intention).
    • Mental models can lead to errors if they are incorrect or differ from the actual system.

    Emotion

    • Emotion involves both cognitive and physical responses to stimuli.
    • The biological response to physical stimuli is called affect, which influences how we respond to situations.
    • Emotion can impact problem solving, with positive affect leading to creative problem solving and negative affect leading to narrow thinking.

    Implications for Interface Design

    • Stress can increase the difficulty of problem solving, while relaxed users are more forgiving of design shortcomings.
    • Aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces can increase positive affect.

    Individual Differences

    • Long-term individual differences include sex, physical and intellectual abilities.
    • Short-term individual differences include the effects of stress or fatigue.
    • Changing individual differences include age.
    • Design decisions should consider whether they may exclude a section of the user population.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concepts of Human Computer Interaction, specifically the storage of information in Long-Term Memory (LTM), including rehearsal, total time hypothesis, distribution of practice effect, and the role of structure, meaning, and familiarity in remembering information.

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