Untitled Quiz

ACE inhibitors cause a cough due to the accumulation of bradykinin, a peptide normally broken down by the angiotensin-converting enzyme. Elevated bradykinin levels stimulate sensory nerves in the respiratory tract and promote mild airway inflammation, leading to a persistent dry cough in some patients. Switching to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which do not affect bradykinin, may alleviate this side effect.

<p>Spironolactone blocks receptors of aldosterone. It retains potassium while excreting Na and water. It causes a smaller degree of diuresis, resulting in modest hypotensive effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X-waiver was a special authorization required for healthcare providers to prescribe buprenorphine to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). This waiver, mandated by the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000), necessitated additional training and certification. Section 1262 of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 removed the federal requirement for practitioners to have x-waiver to prescribe medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>104 NP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The California Prescription Drug Utilization Review and Evaluation System (CURES) is a program that helps to prevent prescription drug abuse. Healthcare providers are required to consult CURES before prescribing Schedule II–IV drugs for the first time and every 4 months for ongoing treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioids: Dilaudid, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS: sedation, drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>LDL cholesterol: only 50% is absorbed by liver, rest goes to peripheral cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At-risk children and adolescents: between 2 and 8 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statins block the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol production in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilates peripheral arteries, veins, and coronary arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BNP (B-Type Naturiuretic Peptide) is a polypeptide secreted by the heart's ventricles in response to excessive stretching or wall tension, often due to worsening heart failure. It provides an objective measure of cardiac function and is a strong predictor of risk for death and cardiovascular events in heart failure patients. The normal range is &lt;100 pg/mL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ARB, beta blocker, aldosterone agonist, diuretic, and digoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carvedilol (coreg)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>INR &gt; 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal Function: Creatinine, eGFR (dose adjustments needed for renal impairment). Hepatic Function: ALT, AST, bilirubin (important for rivaroxaban and apixaban). CBC: Monitor for anemia or thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>aPTT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary Embolism (PE) / Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Heparin (followed by oral anticoagulants like warfarin or DOACs for long-term management)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classic signs: fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastric mucosal atrophy, neurologic changes (paranoia, dementia, confusion, delirium), yellow-blue color blindness, fatigue, weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inotropic Medications: Affect cardiac contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blue-gray skin discoloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase 0: Rapid depolarization from sodium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrates are converted to nitric oxide, which causes vasodilation. This reduces preload (venous return to the heart) and afterload (arterial resistance), lowering cardiac workload and oxygen demand. This mechanism helps relieve angina symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifiable Risk Factors: Include lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and smoking, which can be changed to manage hyperlipidemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GI disturbances, gallstones, myopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 10-year ASCVD Risk Score uses factors such as age, gender, race, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure (treated or untreated), diabetes status, and smoking status to estimate the likelihood of a cardiovascular event in the next 10 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digoxin inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Indirectly leads to accumulation of intracellular calcium, causing increased myocardial contractility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin inhibits platelet activation through irreversible enzyme antagonism to block prostaglandin synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aplastic anemia treatments: Mild cases treated with supportive care. RBC transfusions and platelets given as necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermal Nociceptors:</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schedule IV: Low abuse potential, accepted medical use (e.g., benzodiazepines)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When activated, nociceptors generate electrical signals (action potentials). These signals travel along sensory nerve fibers (Ad fibers for sharp, acute pain; C fibers for dull, throbbing pain) to the spinal cord and brain. The brain processes these signals, resulting in the perception of pain and initiating protective responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This hyperpolarizes the neuron, making it less likely to fire and leading to CNS depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive sodium and low potassium intake</p> Signup and view all the answers