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Questions and Answers
Which virus is single-stranded RNA?
Which virus is single-stranded RNA?
How is Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) primarily transmitted?
How is Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) primarily transmitted?
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
Who is more likely to develop symptoms of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
Who is more likely to develop symptoms of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
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Which group of individuals is considered at risk for acquiring HAV infection?
Which group of individuals is considered at risk for acquiring HAV infection?
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Which type of liver disease can cause chronic HAV infection?
Which type of liver disease can cause chronic HAV infection?
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According to the CDC, which of the following infections can affect the likelihood of symptoms from HAV infection?
According to the CDC, which of the following infections can affect the likelihood of symptoms from HAV infection?
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Which of the following statements about HAV infection is true?
Which of the following statements about HAV infection is true?
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What is the mechanism of transmission for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
What is the mechanism of transmission for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
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What are the recommendations for preventing Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) infection according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020?
What are the recommendations for preventing Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) infection according to the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020?
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What is the estimated global population with chronic HBV infection according to the WHO in 2015?
What is the estimated global population with chronic HBV infection according to the WHO in 2015?
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What percentage of the US population was estimated to have chronic HBV infection in 2019?
What percentage of the US population was estimated to have chronic HBV infection in 2019?
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Which serologic marker indicates active HBV infection?
Which serologic marker indicates active HBV infection?
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What is a common symptom of HBV infection?
What is a common symptom of HBV infection?
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Who should be vaccinated to prevent HBV transmission?
Who should be vaccinated to prevent HBV transmission?
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How long does HBV vaccination protection last?
How long does HBV vaccination protection last?
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When is post-vaccination serologic testing recommended?
When is post-vaccination serologic testing recommended?
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What is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma?
What is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma?
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What can untreated chronic HBV infection lead to in up to 40% of patients?
What can untreated chronic HBV infection lead to in up to 40% of patients?
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What are some common HBV infection symptoms?
What are some common HBV infection symptoms?
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Which of the following individuals is NOT recommended for Hepatitis A vaccination according to the ACIP recommendations?
Which of the following individuals is NOT recommended for Hepatitis A vaccination according to the ACIP recommendations?
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What is the recommended pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for individuals planning international travel to endemic areas for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
What is the recommended pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for individuals planning international travel to endemic areas for Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)?
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What is the recommended post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for individuals based on provider risk assessment and age?
What is the recommended post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for individuals based on provider risk assessment and age?
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Which category of individuals is NOT mentioned as being at increased risk for HAV infection or severe disease from HAV infection in the US?
Which category of individuals is NOT mentioned as being at increased risk for HAV infection or severe disease from HAV infection in the US?
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What should be considered when administering live vaccines and immune globulin (IG) for Hepatitis A vaccination?
What should be considered when administering live vaccines and immune globulin (IG) for Hepatitis A vaccination?
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What is the most common mode of transmission for HAV?
What is the most common mode of transmission for HAV?
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Which of the following vaccines is given in a 3-dose series for protection against both Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B?
Which of the following vaccines is given in a 3-dose series for protection against both Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B?
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What is the recommended dose for individuals with incomplete vaccinations?
What is the recommended dose for individuals with incomplete vaccinations?
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What is the decision to treat chronic HBV based on according to the 2018 AASLD Guidance?
What is the decision to treat chronic HBV based on according to the 2018 AASLD Guidance?
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What are the goals of chronic HBV therapy?
What are the goals of chronic HBV therapy?
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Which treatment option is preferred for chronic HBV therapy according to AASLD?
Which treatment option is preferred for chronic HBV therapy according to AASLD?
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Which oral antiviral agent for HBV requires adjustment for hepatic dysfunction?
Which oral antiviral agent for HBV requires adjustment for hepatic dysfunction?
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Which interferon-based regimen is preferred for HBV therapy?
Which interferon-based regimen is preferred for HBV therapy?
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What is the most appropriate treatment option for a 45-year-old Asian female with compensated cirrhosis and normal CrCl?
What is the most appropriate treatment option for a 45-year-old Asian female with compensated cirrhosis and normal CrCl?
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Which treatment option is not recommended for individuals with decompensated liver disease?
Which treatment option is not recommended for individuals with decompensated liver disease?
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Which factor does not influence the decision to treat for chronic HBV according to the 2018 AASLD Guidance?
Which factor does not influence the decision to treat for chronic HBV according to the 2018 AASLD Guidance?
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Which anti-viral agent is associated with potential side effects such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and anemia?
Which anti-viral agent is associated with potential side effects such as flu-like symptoms, depression, and anemia?
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Which oral antiviral agent for HBV should be taken on an empty stomach?
Which oral antiviral agent for HBV should be taken on an empty stomach?
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Study Notes
- The text discusses recommendations for preventing Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) infection in the United States, as per the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
- HAV is most commonly spread through contaminated food or water. Endemic areas include HAV highest endemic areas: Africa, Asia, and Central and South America.
- Persons at increased risk for HAV infection or severe disease from HAV infection in the US include:
- Persons with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis.
- Solid organ, bone marrow, or stem cell transplant recipients.
- Persons requiring treatment with immunosuppressive drugs/biologics or long-term systemic corticosteroids.
- HAV vaccines available in the US include:
- Hep A inactivated (2 doses): Havrix™ (GlaxoSmithKline) and Vaqta™ (Merck).
- Combined Hep A and Hep B (3 doses): Twinrix™ (GlaxoSmithKline).
- Recommendations for HAV vaccination in the US include:
- Persons at risk for severe disease from HAV infection.
- International travelers.
- Men who have sex with men.
- Persons who use injection or noninjection drugs.
- Persons with occupational risk for exposure.
- Persons who anticipate close personal contact with an international adoptee.
- Persons with chronic liver disease.
- Persons with HIV.
- Pregnant women at risk for HAV infection or severe outcome from HAV infection.
- Any person requesting vaccination.
- Children: all children aged 12-23 months, unvaccinated children and adolescents 2-18 years (catch-up vaccination).
- HAV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) recommendations for international travel:
- Hep A vaccine is recommended for healthy individuals.
- Immune globulin (IG) is recommended for individuals less than 6 months of age and those with chronic liver disease or immunocompromise.
- IG dose recommended depends on duration of travel.
- Live vaccines should be administered at least 2 weeks before or at least 6 months after administration of IG.
- Vaccine series can be completed using vaccines from different manufacturers.
- If hep A vaccine and IG are administered simultaneously, they must be done in different anatomic sites.
- HAV Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) recommendations:
- Hep A vaccine and IG are recommended for individuals based on provider risk assessment and age.
- IG dose recommended for individuals with chronic liver disease or immunocompromise.
- If hep A vaccine and IG are administered simultaneously, they must be done in different anatomic sites.
- Live vaccines should be administered at least 2 weeks before or at least 6 months after administration of IG.
- Vaccine series can be completed using vaccines from different manufacturers.
- Revaccination/booster dosing not recommended.
- Pre and post vaccination serologic testing not recommended for routine vaccination.
- Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a partially double stranded DNA virus that is enveloped and transmitted through infected blood and body fluids. It can present as either acute or chronic infection and can persist indefinitely within a hepatocyte serving as a reservoir of viral replication. The risk of developing chronic infection depends on age, with higher risk in younger individuals. HBV is vaccine preventable.
- Concept check #1: A 45-year-old patient presents to your pharmacy asking if he should obtain the hepatitis A vaccine. He has been diagnosed with cirrhosis and has HIV, and he is currently enrolled in a rehabilitation program for use of injection drugs. He is immune to hepatitis B. This patient has several risk factors for HAV infection, including cirrhosis, HIV, and injection drug use. Vaccination is recommended for this patient to prevent HBV infection.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, including rates of chronic infection, recovery, and related complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This quiz covers important statistics and information on HBV infection.
