हिंदी व्याकरण: मूल बातें

• Hindi grammar is generally more structured than spoken Hindi.

Basic Word Order

• The typical word order in Hindi sentences is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV).
• Example: "Ram seb khata hai" (Ram apple eats). Ram (subject), apple (object), eats (verb).
• Word order can sometimes be flexible, especially in simple sentences, but the verb usually comes at the end.

Nouns (Sangya)

• Hindi nouns are inflected for gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural).
• Gender is often grammatical and may not always align with biological sex.
• Noun endings change depending on gender, number, and case.
• Hindi has postpositions (like prepositions in English) that follow nouns and indicate relationships such as location, direction, or possession.
• Common postpositions include ko (to, for), se (from, with, by), me (in), par (on), ke liye (for), ka/ki/ke (of). The form of ka/ki/ke depends on the gender and number of the noun it modifies.

Pronouns (Sarvanam)

• Hindi pronouns, like nouns, are inflected for case and number. They also have different forms based on politeness and respect.
• Common pronouns include: mai (I), tu (you, informal), tum (you, familiar), ap (you, formal), vah (he/she/it, दूर - distant), yah (he/she/it, पास - near), ye (these, near), ve (those, distant), ham (we), ap log (you all, formal).
• Pronouns change form depending on the postposition used with them.

Adjectives (Visheshan)

• Adjectives in Hindi usually precede the nouns they modify.
• Most adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify.
• There are two main types of adjectives: qualitative and quantitative.
• Qualitative adjectives describe the qualities or characteristics of a noun.
• Quantitative adjectives indicate the quantity or amount of a noun (e.g., ek (one), do (two), kuch (some)).
• Some adjectives do not change form, regardless of the gender or number of the noun.

Verbs (Kriya)

• Verbs in Hindi are conjugated based on tense, aspect, mood, gender, number, and person.
• The verb root is the base form, and suffixes are added to indicate different grammatical features.
• The most common verb form is the infinitive, which ends in -na. To conjugate other forms, this -na ending is removed. A common verb is hona (to be).
• Auxiliary verbs are used to form compound tenses and aspects. Common auxiliary verbs include hai (is), tha (was), hoga (will be).
• Hindi verbs have several tenses, including present, past, and future, each with various forms to express different aspects.
• Hindi uses habitual, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous aspects.
• The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, possibilities, or commands.
• Verbs agree in gender and number with the subject in some tenses.

Tenses

• Present indefinite: expresses habitual actions
• Present continuous: expresses actions happening now
• Present perfect: expresses actions completed recently
• Present perfect continuous: expresses actions started in the past and continuing now
• Past indefinite: expresses simple past actions
• Past continuous: expresses actions in progress in the past
• Past perfect: expresses actions completed before a certain time in the past
• Past perfect continuous: expresses actions started and continued for some time in the past
• Future indefinite: expresses simple future actions
• Future continuous: expresses actions that will be in progress in the future
• Future perfect: expresses actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future
• Future perfect continuous: expresses actions that will have been in progress for some time in the future

Adverbs (Kriyavisheshan)

• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• They indicate manner, time, place, degree, or reason.
• Adverbs usually precede the words they modify.
• Examples of adverbs: jaldi (quickly), dhire (slowly), yaha (here), vaha (there), ab (now), kal (yesterday/tomorrow), bahut (very).

Case System

• Hindi uses a case system indicated by postpositions.
• Nominative case: subject of the verb (no postposition).
• Accusative case: direct object of the verb (marked by ko for animate objects).
• Instrumental case: indicates the instrument or means by which an action is performed (marked by se).
• Dative case: indirect object of the verb (usually marked by ko).
• Ablative case: indicates separation, origin, or comparison (marked by se).
• Genitive case: indicates possession or relationship (marked by ka, ki, ke agreeing with the noun it modifies).
• Locative case: indicates location (marked by me (in) or par (on)).

Agreement

• Verb agreement is crucial; verbs must agree with the subject in gender, number, and person in many tenses.
• Adjectives typically agree with the noun they modify in gender and number.
• The genitive postpositions ka, ki, ke agree in gender and number with the noun they relate to.

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences follow the SOV order.
• Compound sentences are formed using conjunctions like aur (and), lekin (but), ya (or).
• Complex sentences involve dependent clauses introduced by conjunctions like ki (that), kyonki (because), jab (when), agar (if).

Postpositions

• Postpositions are similar to prepositions in English but come after the noun.
• ko: to, for (marks direct objects and indirect objects).
• se: from, with, by (indicates separation, instrument, or cause).
• me: in.
• par: on.
• ka/ki/ke: of (genitive, shows possession). The form depends on the gender/number of the noun modified.
• ke liye: for (purpose).
• ke saath: with (accompaniment).
• ke baad: after.
• ke pahle: before.
• ke samne: in front of.
• ke piche: behind.

Conjunctions

• aur: and.
• lekin/par: but.
• ya/va: or.
• isliye: therefore.
• kyonki/ki: because.
• jab: when.
• agar/yadi: if.
• taki: so that.

Gender

• Nouns are either masculine or feminine, even if inanimate.
• The gender affects the forms of adjectives and verbs that agree with the noun.
• Many nouns ending in -a are masculine, while those ending in -i are feminine, but there are exceptions.

Number

• Nouns and pronouns have singular and plural forms.
• Plural forms are often created by changing the endings of the singular form.
• The plural form can also indicate respect, even when referring to a single person.

Common Grammatical Structures

• Use of the perfect participle to express completed actions or states.
• Use of the conjunctive participle to combine actions in a sequence.
• Constructions using chahiye to express obligation or necessity.
• Constructions with sakna to express ability or possibility.

Vocabulary

• A strong vocabulary is essential for understanding and using Hindi grammar effectively.
• Focus on learning common nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
• Understand how words change form based on gender, number, and case.