हिंदी भाषा परीक्षा

Hindi

Alphabet

The Hindi language is written primarily in the Devanagari script, which consists of 36 consonants and 11 vowels. The Devanagari script is based on the Sanskrit alphabet and has developed over centuries. Consonants and vowels are ordered based on the place of articulation and the manner of production. The alphabet includes 14 stop consonants, 5 nasal consonants, 10 unvoiced consonants, 9 voiced consonants, and 4 aspirated consonants.

Grammar

Hindi grammar exhibits less Persian and Arabic influence compared to Urdu. It has a literature of 500 years and includes prose, poetry, religion, and philosophy. Hindi grammar is complex and includes rules for verb conjugation and noun inflection. It also includes rules for word order and sentence structure.

Dialects

Hindi has hundreds of diverse dialects, with 48 officially recognized. Dialects vary greatly between the east and the west, with the eastern dialects being more influenced by Sanskrit and the western dialects being more influenced by Urdu. The two main standard registers of Hindi are Hindi, which is written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit, and Urdu, which is written in the Urdu alphabet and heavily influenced by Persian vocabulary.

Vocabulary

The vocabulary of Hindi is a blend of Sanskrit and Persian/Arabic words. Historically, Hindi was influenced by Sanskrit and had a literature of 500 years. However, during the British rule, a division was made between Hindi and Urdu, with Hindi speakers adopting new Sanskrit vocabulary while Urdu speakers adopted new Persian/Arabic vocabulary. This led to the development of distinct Hindi and Urdu vocabularies, although the two languages remain mutually intelligible when spoken.

Script

Hindi is primarily written in the Devanagari script, which is an alphasyllabary (abugida) writing system. Consonants and vowels are ordered based on the place of articulation and the manner of production. Devanagari is written from left to right, just like English. The script is also used for writing other languages in the Indian subcontinent, such as Marathi and Gujarati.