Harvest of Empire Chapter 4 Flashcards

Post-WWII Migration

• Marked as the largest airborne migration in history, leading to significant demographic changes.
• By 1960, over 1 million Puerto Ricans resided in the United States.

El Grito de Lares

• Refers to the revolutionary outcry for Puerto Rican independence from Spain.

Puerto Rican Independence

• Achieved a milestone in 1873 when Spain abolished slavery in Puerto Rico.

Puerto Rico Joins America

• Gained a new political status in 1898 following the Spanish-American War.

Pedro Albizu Campos

• Renowned as a champion of Puerto Rican nationalism; educated at Harvard.
• Known for his anti-American sentiments and arrested for sedition in 1936, later released after WWII.

Palm Sunday Massacre

• Occurred on March 21 in Ponce, Puerto Rico, resulting in 21 deaths and 150 injuries from police and militiamen during a Nationalist march.

Puerto Rican 65th Infantry

• An all-Puerto Rican regiment that served with distinction during World War II, but faced segregation.

Puerto Rican Day Parade

• Established in the 1950s as a cultural celebration for Puerto Ricans in the United States.

United Bronx Parents

• A community group formed in the 1960s aimed at addressing the educational needs of Puerto Rican children.

Juan Gonzales

• A prominent member of the Young Lords, known for advocating radical Latino political agendas.

Foraker Act (1900)

• Legislation that officially designated Puerto Rico as a territory of the United States.

Downes v. Bidwell

• A Supreme Court case that established Puerto Rico’s territorial status; it confirmed that Puerto Rico belongs to the U.S. but is not part of it.

Jones Act (1917)

• Legally conferred U.S. citizenship on all Puerto Ricans, impacting their civil rights and political status.

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

• Established a political framework allowing Puerto Ricans to elect their own government and enjoy limited self-rule.

Operation Bootstrap

• An industrialization initiative launched in the 1940s and 1950s aimed at transforming Puerto Rico’s economy through rapid industrial development.