Harper's Legacy and Branding Quiz

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Questions and Answers

At what age did she start working as a domestic servant?

  • Five
  • Ten
  • Twelve
  • Seven (correct)

What product did she use to dress her employer's hair?

  • Harper’s Shampoo
  • Moscano Tonique (correct)
  • Rochester Rinse
  • German Oil

What significant business step did Harper take in 1888?

  • Opened a franchise store
  • Launched a hair product line
  • Started a training school
  • Opened a beauty salon (correct)

Which unique service did Harper offer to her customers at her salon?

<p>Child care during appointments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Harper emphasize in her beauty services?

<p>Facial massages and skincare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovative equipment did Harper invent for salons?

<p>Reclining shampoo chair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Harper begin franchising her beauty method?

<p>1891 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Harper Shops were operational by the 1930s?

<p>Nearly 500 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the salute symbolize for the club, players, and fans?

<p>A sign of unity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial reaction of fans to the new crest?

<p>Widespread criticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Leeds United decide to do for the 2019-20 centenary season?

<p>Make a small amendment to the current crest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which other football team is mentioned to have encountered backlash for a rebrand?

<p>Everton FC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of Royal Mail's history?

<p>It was opened to the public by King Charles I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did fans react to the rebranding efforts of Leeds United?

<p>They created alternative badge designs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'an own-goal' refer to in the context of the rebrand?

<p>A self-inflicted setback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of company is Royal Mail Group Limited described as?

<p>A courier and logistics company (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated decline in the active user engagement on the mobile app one year after Elon Musk's acquisition?

<p>16% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event was not part of the timeline following Musk's acquisition of Twitter?

<p>Establishment of a new CEO within the first month (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Twitter users voted in favor of Musk resigning as CEO in the December 2022 poll?

<p>57.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant policy change did Twitter announce soon after Musk's takeover regarding misinformation?

<p>No longer enforcing its policy against COVID-19 misinformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In how many months after Musk's acquisition did Twitter's value drop significantly?

<p>12 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Els Musk's proposed work ethic for employees to adapt to 'Twitter 2.0'?

<p>Extremely hardcore work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group noted an increase in hate speech following Musk's takeover of Twitter?

<p>Antisemitic and anti-Islamic groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused Twitter to require users to purchase a Twitter Blue subscription?

<p>To retain blue checkmarks for verification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term will replace 'tweet' for posts on the platform?

<p>X's (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major change did Elon Musk announce regarding Twitter's identity?

<p>The name change from Twitter to X (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some users and journalists criticize the rebranding of Twitter?

<p>They find the rebranding process to be chaotic and inconsistent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of X.com was emphasized by CEO Linda Yaccarino?

<p>Utilization of AI to connect users in innovative ways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following changes was NOT listed among the major changes due to rebranding?

<p>Introduction of subscription fees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key features Musk hopes to implement with X?

<p>Integration of banking and payments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the rebranding regarding Twitter's official account handle?

<p>It became inaccessible to its longtime owner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social media application is X.com compared to in terms of its vision?

<p>WeChat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind John Sculley's reorganization of Apple?

<p>To assert leadership amid company problems and a slowdown in PC sales. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific changes did Apple make to reduce costs?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effect of the reorganization on Apple's product divisions?

<p>The reorganization merged the Macintosh and Apple II divisions while creating separate operations and sales &amp; marketing divisions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did analysts support the merger of the Macintosh and Apple II sales and marketing divisions?

<p>They believed it would create a unified marketing strategy to target shared retail partners more effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial factor did the text mention as contributing to Apple's challenges despite the reorganization?

<p>The overall slowdown in the personal computer industry, coupled with Apple's struggles in the business market, contributed to the company's difficulties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did Steve Jobs take when he returned to Apple in 1997, compared to the original structure?

<p>He created a more centralized structure, consolidating all business units under a single P&amp;L and unifying functional departments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Steve Jobs' belief about the impact of conventional management practices on Apple?

<p>He believed conventional management practices stifled innovation and constrained the company's creativity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific action did Steve Jobs take to implement his belief about innovation?

<p>He laid off all general managers in a single day, centralized the company's operations, and unified its functional departments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of a transformative business model involves adapting to individual customer needs?

<p>Personalization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of a successful transformative business model according to the analysis of the 40 companies?

<p>Higher number of features correlates with success (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following companies is cited as an example of utilizing five out of the six features of a transformative business model?

<p>Uber (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential feature allows companies to leverage technology to provide products and services at competitive prices?

<p>Personalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major factor that differentiates Airbnb's business model from traditional hotel economics?

<p>Asset sharing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a business model?

<p>To describe how a company creates and captures value (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many of the six features did no model display entirely?

<p>No model displayed all six (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hotel room supply does Airbnb represent in New York according to the data presented?

<p>5.4% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

John Sculley's Role

Sculley, as CEO, aimed to assert leadership during Apple's difficulties.

Apple's Reorganization

Eliminated separate product divisions, creating operations and sales divisions.

Cost Reduction Strategies

Apple scaled back advertising, closed factories, and laid off staff to cut costs.

Jobs vs Operations

Steve Jobs was better at product development than managing operations.

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P&L Responsibilities

Profit and Loss responsibilities assigned to business units.

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Jobs' Return in 1997

Jobs restructured Apple to foster innovation by simplifying management.

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Combining Departments

Functional departments were merged into one organization under Jobs.

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Challenges for Apple

Apple faced a slowdown in PC sales and internal management issues.

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Elon Musk's Twitter acquisition

Elon Musk acquired Twitter for $44 billion.

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User engagement decline

Active user engagement on Twitter declined by 16% post-acquisition.

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Mass layoffs at Twitter

Musk initiated mass layoffs and closed offices in November 2022.

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Twitter resignation poll

Musk conducted a Twitter poll asking if he should resign; 57.5% voted 'yes'.

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Paid verification

Twitter implemented a subscription for verification checkmarks.

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Hate speech increase

Post-acquisition, there was a notable rise in hate speech on the platform.

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Disinformation policies

Twitter stopped enforcing its COVID-19 misinformation policy after Musk took over.

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Community Notes program

Twitter relies on Community Notes to combat misinformation as of September 2023.

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Twitter Rebranding

Twitter has been rebranded to 'X' under Elon Musk's leadership.

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Reason for Rebranding

Musk aims to create a super-app similar to China’s WeChat.

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Post Terminology Change

Posts on the platform will now be called 'X's' instead of 'tweets'.

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Change of Logo

The iconic blue bird logo was replaced by the letter X.

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Musk's Branding Preference

Elon Musk has consistently used the letter X in his branding.

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Implementation Issues

Critics say the rebranding was chaotic and inconsistently applied.

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AI Integration

X.com will be powered by AI to connect people in new ways.

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User Account Conflict

The official account @X conflicted with an existing user's account.

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Leeds United's Rebrand

A change of identity that included fans in its crest but faced backlash.

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Angus Kinnear

Managing Director who spoke about the rebranding's objective of unity.

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Fan Backlash

Negative response from fans concerning the new club crest.

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Centenary Season Amendment

Leeds United made small changes to the crest for the 2019-20 centenary season.

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Everton FC Rebrand U-Turn

Everton FC reversed its crest decision after fan backlash in 2013.

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Royal Mail History

Established in 1635 as a public postal service by King Charles I.

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Mail Transportation Evolution

Initial mail was carried by horses and messengers in the royal postal system.

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Post-modern Branding

Modern branding practices that sometimes alienate traditional supporters.

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Moscano Tonique

A hair product that launched Madam C.J. Walker's career.

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Madam C.J. Walker

An early entrepreneur who opened a successful beauty salon in Rochester, NY.

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Beauty Salon Opening

In 1888, Walker opened her first beauty salon using her own savings.

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Harper Method Shops

Franchising of beauty shops that trained mostly women from modest backgrounds.

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Reclining Shampoo Chair

A salon invention credited to Madam C.J. Walker that is now common.

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Franchising Expansion

Walker expanded her business by introducing franchises in the 1890s.

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Female Chamber of Commerce Member

Walker became the first woman in Rochester's chamber of commerce.

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Training School for Operators

Walker's school provided training with a focus on anatomy and massage techniques.

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Transformative Business Model

A model linking new technology to market needs, crucial for industry change.

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Six Features of Transformation

Key attributes found in successful transformative business models.

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Personalized Product/Service

Tailored offerings that meet individual customer needs effectively.

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Asset Sharing

Using shared resources among users to reduce costs and increase efficiency.

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Usage-Based Pricing

Pricing model where cost is based on how much a service is used.

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Collaborative Ecosystem

A network of organizations working together to create value.

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Agile and Adaptive Organization

An organization that can quickly respond to market changes.

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Business Model Definition

A system describing how a company creates and captures value.

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Study Notes

The Woulds of Wall Street

  • Economists differentiate between "today's problems" and "tomorrow's problems."
  • The long run is when everything can change, while the short run is constrained by existing circumstances.
  • Successful companies in the long run can build factories as needed; in the short run, they can't easily increase product output without significant changes.
  • Corporate restructurings are often driven by pressure and represent reimaginings of a company's current state.
  • Apple's restructuring in 1985 saw Steve Jobs step back from daily management.
  • The 1997 restructuring brought Steve Jobs back to Apple and involved a shift to a single profit and loss accountability structure.
  • Apple's organizational structure is centered around functional expertise.
  • Leaders should understand the details of their areas three levels down to facilitate effective cross-functional decisions.
  • Collaboration between different functions is crucial in decision-making.
  • Apple's structure prioritizes functional expertise, which aligns with its focus on innovation in rapidly changing markets.
  • Google's restructuring into Alphabet decentralized its operations to allow for greater independence in certain investments.
  • Google's restructuring allows for greater management and more independence.

Facebook's Restructuring

  • In the 2021 restructuring, Facebook became Meta, aiming to expand beyond social media and focus on the metaverse.
  • The shift toward the metaverse has led to internal disruptions and uncertainty.

Twitter Under Elon Musk

  • Twitter's restructuring (rebranding to X) in 2023 included significant workforce reductions and changes to content moderation practices
  • This period saw declines in Twitter's user engagement and stock valuation.
  • Key changes to Twitter: employee lay-offs, closure of offices, shifting from 'Twitter' to 'X', elimination of the content moderation team.
  • An increase in hate speech was noted soon after Elon Musk's takeover.

Netflix's Qwikster Debacle

  • In 2011, Netflix separated its DVD rental and streaming services.
  • This restructuring, dubbed "Qwikster," decreased subscriptions.

Uber's Restructuring

  • Uber experienced problems with its CEO Kalanick and subsequent restructuring.
  • This included revelations about a toxic corporate culture, as well as labor and cost concerns.
  • Issues like regulation, worker protections, and intense competition all negatively impacted Uber after its IPO in 2019.

OpenAI

  • OpenAI co-founder and chief scientist Ilya Sutskever is leaving the company.
  • The company began development on a voice-activated chatbot in May 2024.

How Companies Restructure

  • Companies often face external pressure, such as an economic downturn or increasing competition, forcing them to reconsider their strategies.

Rebranding

  • Companies often rebrand to better reflect their evolving brand identity or to distance themselves from past controversies.
  • It gives brands more flexibility to appeal to a new customer base.

Business Models

  • Value-added resellers: Enhance the value of third-party products through services, adding value for resale to end-users.
  • Freemium: A pricing strategy where a basic product is offered freely, while premium features come with a fee.
  • Razor and blade: Selling a low-priced razor to drive sales of high-priced replacement blades.
  • Real-world examples: Apple's iPod and iTunes, Uber, and Airbnb exemplify different strategies of transformative business models.
  • Pop-up retail is a trend of opening short-term sales spaces for a limited period.
  • Virtual storefronts allow customers to interact with and purchase products electronically.

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