Hardware: Types of Hinges

• Hardware includes types of hinges

Types of Hinges

• Two main types: traditional and European

Traditional Hinges

• Includes no mortise butt, lift-off, and man hinges
• Examples of traditional hinges are lift-off barrel, wrap around butt, and piano hinges
• Also includes surface mounted, semi-concealed butterfly, and semi-concealed 3/8 offset hinges
• Other types are pivot, interim, top & bottom, and knife hinges

European Hinges

• Terminology: full overlay, half overlay, and inset
• Includes face frame, angled, blind corner, and bi-fold hinges along with hinges for glass doors

Hinge Components

• The straight arm or no crank is for full-overlay applications, where the door thickness swings over gable thickness
• Half-overlay (half cranked arm) has a moderate bend, swings half the door’s thickness
• Inset (fully cranked arm) has a severe bend to swing door's full thickness inside

Degree of Opening

• 95° is considered the smallest standard but may be insufficient
• 110°-125° is a good choice around 170

Connection Methods

• Screw: simple-tightening into a slot at the hinge's back
• Clip: Snaps onto the mounting plate for easy installation and removal

Attachment Methods

• Screw and European screw knock in

Catches and Locks

• Latch and catch are the same thing
• Touch latch holds and pushes the door out when pressed
• Strike/strike plate: Separate piece engages with catch/lock

Types of Scratches

• Magnetic, friction, unlocking, and touch latches

Examples of Catches and Locks

• Tambour door, ratchet, gang lock, mortise, drawer/door bolt, and cam lock

Strike Plates

• Two main types: flat plate with slot and I shapes strike
• Prevents damage to woods when lock is in use

Drawer Slides

• Attaches a drawer to a cabinet

Loading Rating

• Light duty is up to 75 lbs (34kg)
• Medium duty is 75-100 lbs (45kg)
• Heavy duty is 100 - 200 lbs (90kg)
• Extra is above 200 lbs

Extension

• ¼ extension is nominal or closes

Full Extension

• Same amount as nominal length

Over-Travel

• Small amount from 1’ to 1 ½’

Clearance

• Slide clearance is ½ side clearance, or standard (13mm)
• Top clearance measures standard (17mm) , the underside of a cabinet
• Bottom should be a minimum of 1 ¼

Mounting

• Side, under (ball bearing), bottom (European) mounted slides can be used

Movement

• Two standard styles of slides: telescopic and progressive

Specialty Slides

• Used for keyboards, pencil drawers, and butcher blocks
• Also used for pantry units, TV shelves, two-way travel, and servo assist
• Flipper doors can be horizontal or vertical

Adjustable Shelf Supports

• Shelf pins are made of plastic or metal in various shapes
• Includes shelf support with pad for glass and concealed hanger

Adjustable Shelf Supports

• Light-duty shelf standards as pilasters in aluminum and plastic with horizontal slots
• Heavy-duty standards have vertical slots, either one or two rows, and are available in standard types

Sliding Door Hardware

• Light duty for small cabinets or heavy duty for passage or barn doors

Knock Down Hardware

• Includes cam & lock, connector bolt, draw bolts, wedge & screw, interlocking, and biscuit style
• Also includes assembly blocks
• Examples: lazy Susan, pullouts & baskets, adjustable levelers, and flap stay

CNC/CAD/CAM

• Optimization: Make the most effective use of materials
• CNC - a material cut on computerized numerical control beam saws and CNC router machines
• Workflow, language, machining, and the Cartesian coordinate system

Order of Operation

• CAD to CAM to CNC

After CAD step

• Information is fed into the CAM and interpreted by a post-processor that converts CAM tooling into g code for accurate drawings

CNC Router Machine

• Used in a variety of sizes and configurations, from small to large 5-axis robotic arms
• Common in the CNC woodworking industry, large enough to handle 4'x8' or larger sheets of stock
• Machines can move simultaneously in the X, Y, and Z coordinates. A, B, and C axis movements depend on the type.

CNC Router Machine Details

• CNC routers can have multiple tools like various router bits, drill bits, and saws
• Considers material yield, grain direction, tool changes, tool path, depth of cut, number of passes, feed and speed of cutting tools
• Two types: CNC router and CNC beam saw

CNC Beam Saw

• Designed for large cutting centers
• Employs a saw blade that typically runs in the x coordinate and pulls in y
• Used for linear cuts only

Optimization - Beam Saw

• Allows programmer to select options or "rules"
• Identifies material grain and type of saw cuts
• Includes or excludes complex and time-consuming styles
• Prioritizes material yield or production speed

Finishes

• Considerations when choosing a finish: appearance (color, sheen, texture) and durability (water resistance, longevity, light fastness, chemical resistance)

Price

• Considers application method, environmental impact, and product type

Wood Finishes

• An integral part of cabinet making
• Crucial protection against moisture, wear, stains and chemicals
• Not just enhances the look of the project

Optimum Moisture Content and Relative Humidity

• Most of US and Canada =5%-10%, 25%-55%
• Southern coastal U.S. & Eastern coastal provinces = 8%-13%, 43%-70%
• Dry Southwest U.S. and Middle Canada = 4%-9%, 20%-50%

Basic Wood Finishes

• Sanding
• Helps create smooth appearance, proper finish adhesion, and removal of imperfections and staining

Sanding Selections

• 36-100: Too coarse. Marginal appearance, great adhesion, dark staining
• 120-180: Proper range. Good appearance and adhesion, even staining
• 220+: Too fine. Very smooth appearance, poor adhesion, poor staining (too light/blotchy)

Stains

• Emphasize color and grain of wood
• Can be used to alter the shade
• Equalize the color
• Makes an inexpensive wood appear more attractive

Application

• Use wipping stains by brush/rag then remove the exceeds
• Use spray stains with a spray gun, but needs a skilled operator

Types of Stains

• Two main types: dye stains and pigment stains

Pigment Stains

• Small particles of color
• Uses carrier solvent and a binder
• Does not penetrate deeply
• More sensitive to light than DYEs
• Good choice for sunlight exposure
• Open-grained wood has a higher concentration of pigment
• Close-grained wood like maple will be lighter because it lodges in the sanding

Dye Stains

• Soluble and penetrate deeper, adding depth to appearance
• They do not mask grain of wood but will color it
• Archive a wider range of darker colors

Types of Stains

• Water stains: Aniline dye in powder mixed with water
  • Creates a brilliant appearance
  • Offers light fatness but lower price
  • Can be inexpensive with low durability
• Latex stains: Pre-mixed
  • Rarely used to create new colors
  • Low durability and environmental qualities
• Oil stains (penetrating): Staining powder or dissolved in solvent
  • Easily brushed or wiped
• They penetrate deeply and fade in sunlight
• Oil stains (pigmented): Mixed with linseed oil
  • Creates grain partterns but does not fade
  • Must be wiped after applied
• NGR stains (non-grain raising): Acid dyes in glycol and alcohol with no water
  • Is bright and transparent
  • Fades in sun and needs to be sprayed
• Spirit stains: Aniline dye in spirits with shellac or lacquer
  • Good for shading. but fades when exposed to the sun
  • Dries too fast

Bleaches

• Lightens wood before a sealer and top coat
• Can be applied several times
• Oxalic acid (mild) and hydrogen peroxide (strongest) are two types of bleach
• Disadvantage: needs to be neutralized so it will continue to affect stianf anf finish and must be dry before sanded

Sealer Coat

• Apply minimum of two coats
• Apply after sanding
• Usually clear

Functions of Sealers and Primers:

• Creates smooth foundation for top coat
• Prevents bleeding by creating barrier between top coat and resin
• Reduces blotchy areas
• Makes it easier to apply top coats
• Achieves a smooth surface with 280-320 grit sandpaper

Pore Filler

• Used to create a completely or partially smooth surface on coarse or open-grained woods
• Smoothness fills in dispensing on thickness and application

Top Coat

• The most outer layer
• Generally you would apply 2 or 3 coats
• Protects from moisture damage

Top Coat Function

• Clear top coats bring out color and add finish depth
• Opaque top coats provide decorative color
• Degree of sheen: Amount of flattening determines the sheen finsihes
• The falter in weather resistance (60angle)

Sheen Chart Values

• Flat = 8-14
• Satin = 14-25
• Semi-gloss = 50-70
• Gloss = 71-90

Type of Topcoat Finishes

• Lacquer: A common finish that is typically sprayed solid (clear, good finish, clarity, multiple sheens)
• Urethane: A plastic finish with high resistance, clear, high gloss
• Varnish: A hard, transparent dried liquid coating
• Paint & enamel: Oil-based interior finish made by mixing ground pigment with varnish or lacquer
• Polyester: Thick, hard finish that does not react with chemical
• Oil: Highlights the wood grain without building up the surface
• Waterborne: Environmentally-friendly finish with clear moderate durability