Hardware, Software and Operating Systems
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between hardware and software in a computer system?

  • Software is a physical component that executes instructions directly without hardware.
  • Hardware manipulates software, providing the physical interface for user interaction.
  • Software instructs the hardware on how to manipulate data, acting as an intermediary between the user and the hardware. (correct)
  • Hardware and software operate independently, with neither having a direct impact on the function of the other.

Which of the following components is considered a hardware component of a computer?

  • Antivirus Software
  • Solid State Drive (SSD) (correct)
  • Web Browser
  • Operating System

What is the primary role of the operating system (OS) in a computer system?

  • To run independently of the hardware.
  • To control the hardware and manage system resources. (correct)
  • To directly interact with the user for data input.
  • To provide applications for specific user tasks.

A user wants to play a video game on their computer. Which type of program are they most directly interacting with?

<p>Application software (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios requires the operating system to manage hardware resources effectively?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the relationship between an application and the operating system?

<p>The OS provides services and resources that the application utilizes to function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A computer has both a solid-state drive (SSD) and a hard disk drive (HDD). How does the operating system typically manage these different hardware components?

<p>The OS uses specific drivers and protocols to interact with each drive type, optimizing performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a device driver?

<p>Software containing instructions that the OS uses to control and interact with a specific device. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the user interface in an operating system?

<p>To translate user input into instructions that the OS can execute and to display the results. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a system service in an operating system?

<p>Web browsing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic that defines Linux as a multiuser operating system?

<p>Its capacity to allow multiple users to access the system simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a GUI component?

<p>An icon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best description of a multitasking operating system?

<p>An operating system that can manage thousands of tasks simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the GNU Public License (GPL) contribute to the advancement of collaborative software development?

<p>By legalizing the free distribution of source code and promoting collaborative improvements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the 'hacker culture' play in the development and success of Linux?

<p>It fostered an environment of collaborative development that facilitated the creation of Linux add-ons and distributions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An end-user submits a print request on their computer. In what order do the following system components interact to fulfill this request?

<p>User Interface -&gt; OS Kernel -&gt; System Service -&gt; Device Driver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A new type of graphics card is installed on a computer. What software component is essential for the operating system to properly communicate with and utilize this new hardware?

<p>A device driver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Linux's licensing under the GNU Public License (GPL) impact its distribution and usage?

<p>It permits the free distribution and modification of the kernel, fostering a wide variety of distributions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A user interacts with their operating system through a GUI consisting of icons and menus. They launch an application, which in turn needs to access the network. Which system components are involved, in their order of use, for this process?

<p>GUI -&gt; Application -&gt; OS Kernel -&gt; Network System Service (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While Linux distributions share a common core, what is a key differentiating factor among them?

<p>The specific add-on software and tools included, such as server-related utilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After 2000, what area saw increased interest and development regarding the Linux operating system?

<p>Embedded systems within smaller hardware devices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following software types allows users to access and modify its source code?

<p>Open source (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software developer modifies an open source program licensed under the GNU Public License (GPL). What is the requirement for distributing the modified version?

<p>The modified code must be redistributed freely. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most indicative of closed source software?

<p>Its source code is not available. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'freeware'?

<p>Closed source software distributed free of charge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company develops a software program and wants to maintain control over its distribution and modifications. Which licensing model would be most appropriate?

<p>Closed source (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A user downloads a program that is free to use for 30 days, after which they are required to pay for a license. What type of software is this?

<p>Shareware (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the GNU Public License (GPL) and the Artistic License?

<p>The GPL requires modified code to be redistributed freely, while the Artistic License grants original authors some control over changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios violates the terms of the GNU Public License (GPL)?

<p>Modifying GPL-licensed software and distributing only the binary version without the source code. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software company distributes a free version of its software with limited features, while offering a paid version with enhanced capabilities. What business model is the company employing?

<p>Freemium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software developer uses open source libraries licensed under the GPL to create a proprietary (closed source) application. What implications does this have for the distribution of their application?

<p>The developer must release the entire application under the GPL. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is concerned about the long-term availability of support for their operating system. How does using an open-source operating system like Linux address this concern?

<p>The company can modify and maintain the source code themselves, ensuring continued support even if the original vendor ceases to exist. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A research team requires specialized software that is not readily available for their current operating system. What advantage of Linux makes it a suitable alternative?

<p>Linux has a large selection of software, flexibility and supports scientific and engineering software. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is experiencing frequent system crashes due to bugs in their current operating system, and the vendor's hotfixes are slow to arrive. How would switching to Linux potentially improve this situation?

<p>The open-source development model allows for faster identification and resolution of bugs by a community of developers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization needs an operating system that can run on a wide variety of embedded systems and specialized hardware, not just standard PCs. Which advantage of Linux makes it a strong candidate?

<p>Linux's flexibility allows it to run on diverse hardware platforms like ARM, MIPS, and SPARC. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A system administrator wants to create a custom monitoring tool that integrates deeply with the operating system's kernel. Which feature of Linux makes this possible?

<p>The open-source nature of Linux allows access to and modification of the kernel and other system components. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software company decides to switch from a closed-source to an open-source model using Linux. Which of the following benefits is least likely to be realized directly from this transition?

<p>Automatic and immediate improvement in software performance and efficiency. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is developing a highly specialized embedded system with limited resources. How does Linux's customizability offer an advantage in this scenario?

<p>The company can select and install only the necessary software packages, reducing the system's footprint and resource consumption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A financial institution requires an operating system that can be thoroughly audited for security vulnerabilities. How does the open-source nature of Linux support this requirement?

<p>The source code is freely available, allowing security experts to scrutinize it for potential weaknesses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A web hosting provider wants to offer its customers a highly customizable and stable platform. Which combination of Linux advantages makes it a suitable choice?

<p>Stability, security, and ease of customization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A development team needs an OS that will allow them to automate repetitive tasks. Which of the following features of the OS would be most beneficial?

<p>Support of scripting languages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a device driver within an operating system?

<p>To manage and control a specific hardware device. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?

<p>Command-Line Prompt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an operating system, what is the role of the user interface?

<p>Translates user input and displays results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST description of a multiuser operating system?

<p>An operating system that allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a multitasking operating system like Linux, what mechanism enables the system to manage multiple tasks seemingly simultaneously?

<p>Rapidly switching the CPU's focus between tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a scenario where a user attempts to print a document, but the printer driver is outdated and incompatible with the current operating system version. What is the MOST likely outcome?

<p>The printing process fails, and an error message is displayed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software developer is designing a custom user interface for a critical industrial control system that must operate reliably under extreme conditions. Which approach would be MOST appropriate for ensuring system stability and minimizing potential points of failure?

<p>Employ a minimalist command-line interface with robust error handling and comprehensive logging capabilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical function of an application server?

<p>Managing hardware resources directly, such as CPU allocation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Samba is commonly used in Linux environments to provide what type of service?

<p>File and print sharing with other operating systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A network administrator needs to ensure that all devices on the network receive the correct time. Which of the following services would they utilize?

<p>Time services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization wants to implement a solution that centrally manages user access and verifies their identity before granting access to network resources. Which type of service is essential for this scenario?

<p>Authentication services (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is migrating its legacy infrastructure to a Linux-based environment. They need to maintain compatibility with existing Windows-based applications that rely on specific database functionalities. To minimize code rework and ensure seamless integration, which component would be MOST critical to configure and optimize on the Linux servers?

<p>The DBMS (Database Management System) with specific compatibility layers for the older applications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component forms the foundation of the GUI environment in Linux, upon which window managers and desktop environments are built?

<p>X Windows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of a 'package manager' in a Linux distribution?

<p>Installing and maintaining software (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between workstation services and server services in the context of Linux?

<p>Workstation services are used on a local computer, while server services are available across a network. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides GNOME, which other desktop environment is presented as one of the two major, competing GUI environments available in Linux?

<p>KDE (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'tarball' in the context of Linux software management?

<p>A compressed archive containing installation scripts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Linux configuration is most likely to be used to provide web content to users on the internet?

<p>Internet servers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are tarballs considered more difficult to manage compared to using a package manager?

<p>They are difficult to manage, upgrade, or remove from the system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what capacity might Linux be utilized in scientific research, according to the information provided?

<p>As a supercomputer or scientific workstation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization requires a cost-effective solution to manage a large number of networked printers. Which Linux configuration would be most suitable?

<p>File and print servers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the description of the Linux GUI environment, which sequence accurately portrays the software stack from the base to the user-facing layer?

<p>X Windows -&gt; Window Manager -&gt; Desktop Environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical avenue for obtaining support for Linux?

<p>Proprietary vendor support contracts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Linux that contributes to its lower total cost of ownership (TCO)?

<p>The absence of licensing fees for the OS itself (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most directly contributes to the lower cost of administration often associated with Linux servers?

<p>High stability and rapid bug fixes by open-source developers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that Linux often has a lower operating system cost compared to closed-source alternatives?

<p>Linux is typically distributed under open-source licenses with no licensing fees. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'HOWTO' document in the context of Linux?

<p>A detailed document maintained by authors and centrally collected by the Linux Documentation Project, addressing specific tasks or configurations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of Linux User Groups (LUGs)?

<p>Open forums of Linux users who discuss Linux-related issues and problems. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant contributor to the 'Total Cost of Ownership' (TCO) in a Linux environment, even though the OS itself is often free?

<p>The expense of hiring skilled personnel to administer and maintain the system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the open-source nature of Linux contribute to reduced downtime costs, compared to closed-source operating systems?

<p>Bug fixes and patches can be created and distributed rapidly by a global community of developers, rather than waiting for a vendor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You’re advising a small business owner on choosing an OS for a new server. They are particularly cost-sensitive but also concerned about finding reliable assistance when problems arise. Based on the content, what would be the MOST nuanced and complete advice regarding Linux?

<p>Linux has no license fees, and a wealth of free software is available. But factor in the cost of skilled Linux administrators, while weighing the community support and available documentation for tackling potential issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary innovation that allowed UNIX to run on different hardware platforms?

<p>Being rewritten in the C programming language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common modern flavor of UNIX?

<p>BSD (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a 'hacker' and a 'cracker,' as defined in the context of computing?

<p>A hacker seeks to expand knowledge through experimentation, while a cracker illegally uses computers for malicious purposes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Richard Stallman play in the development of free software?

<p>He formed the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and encouraged free software development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of closed-source software concerning long-term use and functionality?

<p>Companies must purchase upgrades or new products to gain functionality and stay competitive, as older versions are eventually retired. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original purpose of the MULTICS project that led to the development of UNIX?

<p>To develop a large, time-sharing operating system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event directly led to the creation of different 'flavors' of UNIX?

<p>AT&amp;T selling the UNIX source code to various companies, each developing their own version. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit did the Free Software Foundation (FSF) bring to the world of computing?

<p>It promoted collaborative development of software ensuring its freedom of use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software company decides to migrate from a proprietary operating system to Linux across all its servers. What is the least likely direct operational benefit they will experience in the short term?

<p>Immediate, out-of-the-box compatibility with all existing proprietary software. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a scenario where a critical security vulnerability is discovered in a widely-used open-source component of Linux. Which of the following is the least likely outcome compared to a similar vulnerability found in a closed-source operating system?

<p>The vendor responsible for the closed-source system would provide a faster security patch than the open-source community. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hardware

The physical parts inside a computer.

Software

Sets of instructions that allow hardware to manipulate data.

CPU

The central processing unit; the brain of the computer.

RAM

Volatile memory used to store data that the CPU actively uses.

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Hard Disk/Solid State Drive

Non-volatile storage for permanent data storage.

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Applications (Apps)

Programs designed for specific tasks, such as word processors or games.

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Operating System (OS)

Software that manages computer hardware and provides services for applications.

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Device Driver

Software that enables the OS to communicate with and control specific hardware devices.

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User Interface

An application that receives input from the user, passes it to the OS, and returns the results.

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A user interface that uses visual elements like menus, icons, and windows.

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System Services

Applications that handle system-related tasks such as printing, scheduling, and network access .

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Multitasking OS

An operating system capable of handling multiple tasks at the same time

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Multiuser OS

An OS that allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously.

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Linux

An OS that can manage thousands of tasks at the same time and allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously.

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Linux OS

An OS used to run a variety of applications on a variety of different hardware components

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Multiuser Operating System

An operating system that supports multiple concurrent users.

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Hacker Culture

A culture promoting free OS development, collaborative development, and free distribution of source code.

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GNU Public License (GPL)

The GNU project led to the creation of this license that legalized free source code distribution and encouraged collaborative development.

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Linux Definition

An OS kernel first developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and distributed under the GNU license.

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Linux Distribution

A collection of software, including the Linux kernel, libraries, and add-on software.

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Embedded Linux

An OS that runs on smaller hardware devices like mobile devices.

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Open Source Software

Software where the source code is freely accessible, modifiable, and distributable.

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Closed Source Software

Software where the source code is not available and is often proprietary.

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Freeware

Closed source software distributed at no cost.

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Artistic License

An open source license that ensures source code is freely available, with the original author retaining some control over changes.

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Commercial Software

Software sold to customers, typically with restricted usage rights.

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Open source software characteristics

Software where the source code and software can be obtained free of charge and optionally modified to suit a particular need

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Closed source software characteristics

Software in which the source code is not available.

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Freeware characteristics

Source code is not available

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Linux Risk Reduction

Reduces risks because you can change the source code if the vendor ends support.

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Linux Business Software

Linux offers a wide range of software like web servers, databases and development tools for various business needs.

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Linux Stability

The open-source approach allows quick identification and fixing of bugs, increasing OS stability.

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Linux Hardware Flexibility

Linux can operate on varied hardware like Intel, ARM, and mainframe systems.

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Linux Customization

You can control the OS' inner workings and choose to install only needed software.

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Closed Source Bug Fixes

In closed source, problem fixes depend on the vendor. Waiting for a hot fix can take weeks or months.

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Linux Stability via Collaboration

Stability comes from collaborative testing to quickly fix bugs.

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Open Source Security

Bugs are security vulnerabilities in code. Open source finds and fixes them quickly.

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Linux Scripting

Includes shell and PERL scripts so that users can customize or automate tasks.

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Linux Inner Control

The ability to control the inner workings of the OS and only install software packages needed.

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User Interface (UI)

Application that accepts user input and forwards it to the OS.

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Multitasking

The ability to manage thousands of tasks at the same time

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Multiuser

Allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously

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Linux Community Support

Linux offers community support through online documentation, FAQs, HOWTO documents, Internet newsgroups, and Linux User Groups (LUGs).

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HOWTO Documents

Collections of Linux documentation maintained by authors and collected by the Linux Documentation Project (LDP)

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Linux User Groups (LUGs)

Linux User Groups are open forums where users meet to discuss Linux-related issues and problems.

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Linux Cost Reduction

Linux is generally less expensive than other operating systems because there are no software acquisition costs.

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Linux Open Source Software

Linux has a wealth of Open Source Software (OSS) that runs on a variety of hardware platforms.

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Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

The overall cost of using a particular operating system.

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Linux: Low Admin Costs

A key advantage of Linux is a lower cost of administration due to its high stability and quick bug fixes.

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Linux OSS Availability

Most software available is also open source that is for Linux.

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Open Source Bug Fixes

Open Source developers resolves stability and bug issues quickly.

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Web Services

Provides web pages to clients.

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DNS Services

Translates domain names to IP addresses.

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DHCP Services

Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.

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Time Services

Synchronizes the time across a network.

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File and Print Servers

Allows central sharing of files and printers over a network.

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Linux Upgrade Costs

The cost of software upgrades is generally low or non-existent.

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Hacker (definition)

A person who expands computing knowledge through experimentation.

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Cracker (definition)

Someone who illegally uses computers for personal gain or damage.

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BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)

A version of the original UNIX source code.

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Linux GUI environment

GUI with a window manager and desktop environment.

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Richard Stallman

He formed the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and encouraged free software development.

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UNIX Portability

Rewritten in C programming language allowed it to run on different hardware platforms.

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GNOME and KDE

Two popular Linux GUI environments.

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MULTICS

Project that was abandoned, but led to the creation of UNIX.

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Package Manager

Software system to install and maintain software.

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macOS and iOS UNIX

The flavor of UNIX used by Apple.

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Red Hat Package Manager

Most widely supported package manager.

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Tarball

Compressed archive of files for software installation.

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Closed Source Upgrade Costs

To gain functionality and stay competitive, companies must buy upgrades or new products.

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Workstation Services

Services used on a local computer.

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Open Source Longevity

An advantage of having free software: Users can modify the source code to keep it functional.

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Server Services

Services available across a network to other computers.

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Internet Servers

Commonly used Linux configuration for web hosting.

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Application Servers

Linux configuration that hosts applications and services.

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Study Notes

Objectives

  • The text explores the explanation of operating systems
  • It outlines key Linux features
  • It explores the origins of Linux
  • The characteristics of Linux distributions and their locations are identified
  • Common Linux uses in industry are also explained

Operating Systems

  • Two essential parts of computers are its hardware and software
  • Hardware includes real inside components
  • Software manipulates data via instructions for hardware
  • Hardware components:
    • Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    • Random Access Memory (RAM)
    • Solid state drives
    • Hard disks
    • CD and DVD drives
    • Flash memory card readers (SD Cards)
    • Sound and video cards
    • Network adapter cards and ports
    • Mainboards (motherboards)
  • Two executed program types are applications and operating system software
    • Applications (or apps) provide specific functions for user interaction, such as word processors
    • Operating System (OS) Software controls hardware components
  • Device drivers are specific instructions for devices to interact with the OS
  • User interfaces accept user input, and forward it to the OS, and give back results
    • Command line and graphical user interfaces (GUI) can be user interfaces
  • Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) facilitate user interaction with menus, dialog boxes, and icons, via devices such as a keyboard or mouse
  • System services handle printing, scheduling, and network access

Linux Operating System

  • Linux can run various applications on different hardware
  • The OS is multitasking and multiuser
    • There is an ability to handle several simultaneous tasks
    • Multiple users are granted simultaneous system access

Versions of Linux

  • The Linux kernel acts as the key component
  • The Linux kernel uses C
  • Kernels are common across Linux versions, and modifiable software changes the appearance of Linux
  • Determining the best version requires Linux kernel version number comprehension
  • The kernel version chosen requires an understanding of hardware

Identifying Kernel Versions

  • Linux kernel versions have multiple components
  • The major number signifies the Linux kernel major revision
  • The minor number shows Linux kernel revision and stability
    • Production kernels undergoes full testing
    • Stability of developmental kernels is implied, and not fully tested
  • Version changes are captured in revision numbers

Licensing Linux

  • An Open Source Software(OSS) is developed by a large community
  • Source Code: Instructions by software developer for a program
    • Source codes follow programming language rules
  • Implications of OSS software:
    • Widespread teamwork gives fast development
    • Bugs get prompt fixes
    • Based on needs, software features evolve
    • Software value depends on usefulness, and not on price

Types of Open Source Licenses

  • Software with free source code, that can be changed, is Open source
  • When source code isn't available, it is Closed source
  • Freeware: a closed source software given out free of charge, sometimes freemium
  • With the source code being offered initially, Shareware is initially free but requires payment after sometime.
  • GNU Public License (GPL)
    • The Free Software Foundation (FSF) developed it
    • License dictates that software source code should open
    • Re-sharing of source code is mandated for users

Types of Closed Source Licenses

  • Most closed source software is frequently sold
    • It has manufacturer label
  • Distributed free of charge, Freeware's source code isn't available
  • Shareware gives an initial free license; payment is required after a trial period or for specific usage

Linux Advantages

  • Risk Reduction: Market and customers shift, changes that can be costly in non OSS
    • Vendor support or software retirement may discontinue support.
    • Changing and maintaining become possible with OSS Products
  • OSS offers common softwares
    • Scientific and engineering software
    • Software emulators
    • web servers/browsers
    • e-commerce suites
    • desktop productivity, graphics manipulation and database software.
  • Stability via open testing creates stability for Linux-based systems
    • Closed-source solutions have bugs fixed by vendors
    • Hot fixes take weeks or months
    • Rapid bug fixes in open source solutions
    • Code is freely available and examined
  • Available platforms:
    • Intel x86/x64 and Itanium
    • PA-RISC and Mainframe (S/390, z/Architecture)
    • PowerPC/POWER
    • SPARC/Ultra-SPARC
    • ARM and MIPS
  • Open source, Linux makes changes or software packages easy
    • Programming languages Shell and PERL facilitate tailoring and automation
  • Through internet documentation and Linux User Groups, Linux offers ease of obtaining support.
    • FAQs
    • HOWTO documents: Managed by authors and collected by Linux Documentation Project (LDP)
    • Internet newsgroups
  • The total cost of administration is lower than others due to it being reliable
    • Less costly than other OSs
    • A range of open source helps reduce costs
    • Stable and open-source debugging reduces administration burden

The History of Linux

  • MULTICS started in 1965
  • UNIX began its creation in 1969
  • 1973: rapid UNIX began
  • 1983: the GNU Project began
  • The hacker culture and publication of initial GNU Public License started in 1984
  • Linux was established in 1991
  • The rapid Linux begun in 1991
  • By 1998, the user base was 7.5 million.
  • In 1998, the Cathedral & the Bazaar" was published
  • Linux expanded to 1.5 Billion users around 2018

UNIX

  • Created out of MULTICS
    • Abandonment would follow
  • Hardware independence became reality with the rewrite in C
  • UNIX source code was licensed via AT&T
    • Varieties of standardized UNIX were developed
  • An original version of UNIX, is known ad BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution).
    • BSD
    • Apple's macOS and iOS
    • Hewlett-Packard's HP-UX
    • IBM's AIX are flavors that still exist

The Hacker Culture

  • Hacker: Enriches computing knowledge via trial
  • Cracker: Illegal and damaging computer use
  • Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF) at MIT and encouraged development to happen software
  • With free OS development, Stallman's GNU saw GPL published to legalize source code distribution & promote collaboration
  • Linux had its stage in the hacker culture

Linux

  • Linus Torvalds launched Linux in 1991 and has a GNU license
  • Packages and distributions can be added with open contributions
  • Linux distributions include a kernel and software
    • Debian, Ubuntu
    • Red Hat, OpenSUSE
    • Gentoo, Linux Mint, Arch are common distributions
  • With small devices, developments happened since 2000
  • On mobile devices, Linux OSs run nowadays
  • Linux development has come a long way, the OSS community is bound for further progress

Linux Distributions

  • Linux releases function beneath a common ground but differ
  • Web servers, and database servers are available in server-based tools
  • X Windows are customisable and can be used with graphical user interfaces.
  • GUI competition has two environments.
    • GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME)
    • K Desktop Environment (KDE)
  • To install and main software is the package manager
    • Most widely supported package manager: Red Hat Package Manager.
  • To install software via scripts, a compressed method to be sued is tarball.
    • Upgrades aren't easy for this method.

Common uses of Linux

  • Companies can customize the open source OS
    • Local workstations or servers across the internet
  • There are numerous Linux configurations:
    • File, print and application servers
    • Internet related servers
    • Supercomputers
    • Cloud systems
    • Mobile devices/personal workstations
    • Scientific Workstations

Internet Servers

  • Linux makes use of common internet and computing functions
    • Web services
    • DNS and DHCP services
    • Routing services
    • FTP & Mail services
    • Firewall & proxy services
    • Time services
    • Authentication, Certificate, and advanced security services

File and Print Servers

  • Linux can be used for resources
    • Budget sharing across network
    • Speedy and light OS
    • Specified task distributions can be installed
    • Clients can share resources across OS
    • Linux used service for client connections is called Samba

Application Servers

  • Used as intermediary between client information and databases
    • They utilize tables to arrange data
    • Database programs allow database access
  • Management functionality can be used with application servers.

Cloud Systems

  • The Internet itself is the "Cloud"
    • Their data is accessible on the Internet
    • The data has anywhere availability, with access through certain providers
  • Cloud usage is based on:
    • Software as a Service (SaaS)
    • Platform as a Service (PaaS)
    • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Supercomputers

  • A supercomputer can be multiple computers through clustering
    • A common method is Beowulf
    • Message Passing Interface provides cluster transfer
  • With processor increases, workload increases
  • Clustering computers often result in better scalability

Scientific/Engineering Workstations

  • Customized engineering programs are needed
  • OSS facilitates adjustable scientific creation
  • OSS programs are available

Office/Personal Workstations

  • For users to be able to create and manipulate documents with graphic art, a workstation is useful
  • OSS packages are utilized:
    • VLC
    • qBittorrent
    • OpenOffice
    • GNUcash
    • Gimp
    • Scribus

Cybersecurity Workstations

  • Providing data protection by analyzing current security
    • Assessments against vulnerabilities
    • Penetration testing
    • Security monitoring
  • With detecting vulnerabilities, tools assess testing to find security breaches that can be used in Linux.

Mobile Devices

  • Since Apple iPhone introduction in 2007, tablets and smartphone are Linux-based
    • Android in 2008 becomes known
  • Android on 85% world wide
    • Play Store offered 85 billion app downloads
  • Linux is distributed in other devices
    • AsteroidOS are the OS
    • SHR and Ubuntu Touch have Tizen also

Summary

  • Through a shared community, the Linux kernel allows software
  • Referred under GNU as the OS is published
  • As a replacement the system is stable
  • The distributions of Linux, possess open source with documentation that allows
  • The OS provides wide access to computer, and to networks

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Introduction to Linux - Linux Operating System - Cengage PDF

Description

This quiz explores the relationship between hardware and software. It covers topics such as operating systems and the role of device drivers, as well as the user interface.

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