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Questions and Answers
All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:
All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:
- Cell-mediated immunity (correct)
- Phagocytosis
- Species resistance
- Mechanical and chemical barriers
What is the body's first line(s) of defense?
What is the body's first line(s) of defense?
Skin and mucous membranes.
Inflammation mediators include:
Inflammation mediators include:
- Histamine
- Kinins
- Prostaglandins
- All of the above (correct)
The most numerous type of phagocyte is the:
The most numerous type of phagocyte is the:
What is the type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as 'not self'?
What is the type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as 'not self'?
All of the following are major types of interferon except:
All of the following are major types of interferon except:
B cell mechanisms are classified as:
B cell mechanisms are classified as:
Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:
Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:
Memory cells:
Memory cells:
The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of:
The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of:
An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of:
An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of:
The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:
The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:
Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis?
Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis?
The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:
The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:
The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:
The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:
The function of which antibody is basically unknown?
The function of which antibody is basically unknown?
The antibody associated with allergic reactions is:
The antibody associated with allergic reactions is:
The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:
The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:
The predominant antibody of a secondary response is:
The predominant antibody of a secondary response is:
The most abundant circulating antibody, the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood, is:
The most abundant circulating antibody, the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood, is:
Complement can best be described as a(n):
Complement can best be described as a(n):
The complement system can be activated by:
The complement system can be activated by:
According to the clonal selection theory, antigens select lymphocyte clones by:
According to the clonal selection theory, antigens select lymphocyte clones by:
Which of the following can activate complement?
Which of the following can activate complement?
Which of the following is true of lymphokines?
Which of the following is true of lymphokines?
Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:
Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:
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Study Notes
Nonspecific and Specific Immunity
- Nonspecific immunity provides a general defense mechanism against anything recognized as foreign.
- Specific immunity involves lymphocyte activity, particularly B and T cells.
First Line of Defense
- Skin and mucous membranes are the body's primary barriers against pathogens.
Phagocytes and Inflammation
- Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte.
- Inflammation mediators include histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins.
Interferon Types
- Major types of interferon include leukocyte interferon, fibroblast interferon, and immune interferon, but not cartilage interferon.
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
- B cell mechanisms act through antibody-mediated immunity.
Antigens and Antibodies
- Antigens are macromolecules that induce immune responses.
- The constant region of the light chain in antibodies is 106 amino acids long.
- Antibodies consist of two heavy and two light polypeptide chains.
Antibody Classification
- IgG is the predominant antibody in the blood, constituting the highest percentage.
- IgM is produced after initial contact with an antigen, while IgA is commonly found in tears and saliva.
- IgE is associated with allergic reactions, while IgD’s function remains largely unknown.
Immune Response and Antibodies
- The secondary immune response predominantly involves IgG antibodies.
- IgG makes up about 75% of circulating antibodies.
Complement System
- Complement refers to enzymes in the blood that enhance immune responses.
- It can be activated by various mechanisms, including antibody binding and nonspecific factors.
Clonal Selection Theory
- Antigens select lymphocyte clones based on the shape of receptors on lymphocyte membranes.
Lymphokines
- Lymphokines, produced by helper T cells, include substances like lymphotoxin that influence immune function.
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