Halogen Derivatives and Organohalogen Compounds

Halogen Derivatives

Definition

• Halogen derivatives are a type of organic compound that contains a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I, or At) bonded to a carbon atom.
• They are also known as organohalogen compounds.

Classification

• Based on the type of halogen atom:
  • Fluorides (R-F)
  • Chlorides (R-Cl)
  • Bromides (R-Br)
  • Iodides (R-I)
  • Astatides (R-At)
• Based on the number of halogen atoms:
  • Monohalogen compounds (one halogen atom)
  • Dihalogen compounds (two halogen atoms)
  • Polyhalogen compounds (three or more halogen atoms)

Nomenclature

• IUPAC rules are used to name halogen derivatives.
• The prefix "halo-" is used to indicate the presence of a halogen atom.
• The suffix "-ide" is used to indicate the type of halogen atom.

Physical Properties

• Halogen derivatives are generally:
  • Colorless or pale yellow liquids or solids
  • Non-polar or slightly polar
  • Less soluble in water than their corresponding hydrocarbons
  • More dense than water

Chemical Properties

• Halogen derivatives are generally:
  • Less reactive than their corresponding hydrocarbons
  • Can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions
  • Can undergo elimination reactions
  • Can undergo oxidation reactions

Uses

• Halogen derivatives have various uses:
  • As solvents
  • As anesthetics
  • As refrigerants
  • As pesticides
  • As pharmaceuticals

Examples

• Chloroform (CHCl3)
• Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
• Iodoform (CHI3)
• Bromoform (CHBr3)
• Fluorobenzene (C6H5F)

Halogen Derivatives

Definition and Structure

• Halogen derivatives are organic compounds containing a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I, or At) bonded to a carbon atom
• Also known as organohalogen compounds

Classification

By Halogen Atom

• Fluorides (R-F)
• Chlorides (R-Cl)
• Bromides (R-Br)
• Iodides (R-I)
• Astatides (R-At)

By Number of Halogen Atoms

• Monohalogen compounds (one halogen atom)
• Dihalogen compounds (two halogen atoms)
• Polyhalogen compounds (three or more halogen atoms)

Nomenclature

• IUPAC rules are used to name halogen derivatives
• Prefix "halo-" indicates the presence of a halogen atom
• Suffix "-ide" indicates the type of halogen atom

Physical Properties

• Generally colorless or pale yellow liquids or solids
• Non-polar or slightly polar
• Less soluble in water than their corresponding hydrocarbons
• More dense than water

Chemical Properties

• Generally less reactive than their corresponding hydrocarbons
• Can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions
• Can undergo elimination reactions
• Can undergo oxidation reactions

Uses

• Used as solvents
• Used as anesthetics
• Used as refrigerants
• Used as pesticides
• Used as pharmaceuticals

Examples

• Chloroform (CHCl3)
• Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
• Iodoform (CHI3)
• Bromoform (CHBr3)
• Fluorobenzene (C6H5F)