Haloalkanes & Haloarenes Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is formed when alcohol is treated with halogen acids?

  • Ketone and alcohol
  • Alkene and hydrogen
  • Ether and water
  • Haloalkane and water (correct)

    • Groove's process is used to convert alcohols into ethers.

    False

    What is the order of reactivity of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols?

    3 > 2 > 1

    Anhydrous zinc chloride behaves as a __________ acid.

    <p>Lewis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following alcohol types with their reactivity levels:

    <p>Primary alcohol = Least reactive Secondary alcohol = Moderately reactive Tertiary alcohol = Most reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to prepare only iodoalkanes?

    <p>Finkelstein Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes can only be prepared using PBry and PES.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the only method for preparing fluoroalkanes?

    <p>Swarts Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Finkelstein Reaction, chloro or bromoalkanes are heated with concentrated sodium _____ in the presence of acetone.

    <p>iodide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reactions with their corresponding product forms:

    <p>Finkelstein Reaction = Iodoalkanes Swarts Reaction = Fluoroalkanes Red phosphorous with Br = Bromoalkanes Halide exchange = Bromoalkanes or Iodoalkanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reaction type used to prepare aryl chlorides and bromides?

    <p>Electrophilic substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heavy metal fluorides can be used to prepare haloalkanes from alkyl halides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to silver salts of carboxylic acids in the Hunsdiecker reaction?

    <p>They are treated with Br2 to form bromoalkanes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reaction between R-COOAg and Br2 results in the formation of __________.

    <p>bromoalkanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the reactants with their corresponding roles in the method of preparation of aryl halides:

    <p>Arene = Reactant undergoing electrophilic substitution Chlorine = Electrophile used for substitution Lewis Acid = Catalyst facilitating the reaction Iron = Common Lewis acid used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'neo-' indicate when describing a carbon structure?

    <p>Two methyl groups attached to the next carbon atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'iso-' prefix is used when there are three methyl groups attached to the main carbon chain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic bond is formed between carbon and halogen?

    <p>Polar bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prefix 'ortho-' refers to two substituents attached at ___ positions on a benzene ring.

    <p>adjacent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the 'meta-' and 'para-' positions?

    <p>Meta positions are adjacent while para positions are separated by one carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the compound formed when bromine is added to benzene at the 1,2 positions.

    <p>Ortho-Dibromobenzene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following prefixes with their descriptions:

    <p>Ortho = Adjacent substituents on a benzene ring Meta = Substituents one carbon apart Para = Substituents opposite each other Iso = A methyl group attached to the next end carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A carbon chain having a methyl group attached to the terminal carbon is described using the prefix ___ .

    <p>n-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product obtained when alcohol is heated with thionyl chloride in pyridine?

    <p>Alkyl chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Side products of the Darzen process are solid compounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pyridine in the Darzen process?

    <p>It acts as a solvent and base.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Darzen process is a method for preparing alkyl halides from __________.

    <p>alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is involved in the reaction with alcohol to form alkyl halides?

    <p>Thionyl chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chemicals with their respective roles in the Darzen process:

    <p>Thionyl chloride = Reactant to produce alkyl halides Pyridine = Solvent and base Phosphorous halides = Alternative halide source Alcohol = Starting material for alkyl halide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Darzen process is considered a less effective method for preparing alkyl halides due to side product issues.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acid is produced when alcohol reacts with phosphorous halides?

    <p>Phosphorous acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chiral carbon?

    <p>A carbon with four different substituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A chiral molecule has a symmetrical carbon atom.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result when a compound forms a non-superimposable mirror image?

    <p>It is chiral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A molecule that exhibits _____ isomerism can rotate the plane of polarized light.

    <p>optical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Chiral carbon = Carbon with four different substituents Stereocentre = A carbon atom that can create stereoisomers Optical isomers = Compounds that differ in the rotation of polarized light Non-superimposable = Two objects that cannot be placed on top of each other perfectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes optical isomers?

    <p>Compounds that cannot be superimposed on each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All molecules with a chiral carbon are optically active.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for two compounds that have the same molecular formula and structure but differ in the rotation of polarized light?

    <p>Optical isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

    • Haloalkanes are halogen derivatives of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
    • Haloarenes are halogen derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons.
    • Haloalkanes are also called alkyl halides.
    • Haloarenes are also called aryl halides.
    • Chlorine-containing antibiotic (chloramphenicol) is effective against typhoid fever.
    • Chloroquine is used to treat malaria.
    • Thyroxine, a hormone, needs iodine; deficiency leads to a condition called goiter.

    Classification

    • Aliphatic compounds:
      • Monohaloalkanes
      • Dihaloalkane
      • Trihaloalkanes
    • Aromatic compounds:
      • Monohaloarenes
      • Dihaloarenes
      • Trihaloarenes

    Monohalogen Compounds Containing (sp³ C-X Bond)

    • Primary alkyl halides (1°): R"-CH-X
    • Secondary alkyl halides (2°): R'-CH-X
    • Tertiary alkyl halides (3°): R-C-X

    Allylic & Benzylic Halides

    • Allylic halides: Halogen bonded to sp³ hybridized carbon next to a C=C double bond.
    • Benzylic halides: Halogen bonded to sp³ hybridized carbon next to an aromatic ring.

    Vinyl & Aryl Halides

    • Vinyl Halides: Halogen bonded to sp² hybridized carbon of a C=C double bond.
    • Aryl Halides: Halogen directly bonded to a benzene ring.

    Dihaloalkanes

    • Geminal dihalides: Halogens attached to the same carbon atom.
    • Vicinal dihalides: Halogens attached to adjacent carbon atoms.

    IUPAC Nomenclature

    • Examples provided

    Nature of C-X Bond

    • Halogens are more electronegative than carbon.
    • C-X bonds are polar.
    • Carbon has a slight positive charge.
    • Halogen has a slight negative charge.

    Bond Length & Enthalpy

    • Table of bond length and C-X bond enthalpies provided

    Dipole Moment

    • Dipole moment values provided

    Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes

    • By Free Radical Halogenation
    • From Alkenes
    • From Alcohols (Groove's Process)
    • Darzen Process

    Methods of Preparation of Haloarenes

    • By Electrophilic Substitution

    Detection of Double Bonds

    • Addition of bromine in CCl4
    • Reddish brown colour disappears

    Properties of Haloalkanes

    • Colour (bromides & iodides develop colour when exposed to light.)
    • Odour (many volatile halides have a sweet smell)
    • Nature (gases, liquids, and solids exist)
    • Boiling point- B.Pt & Molecular mass, B.Pt & 1/ Branching, B.Pt & Stability

    Solubility of Haloalkanes

    • Alkyl halides are generally insoluble in water.

    Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

    • SN1
    • SN2

    Order reactivity in SN1 and SN2

    • SN1 Mechanisms
    • SN2 Mechanisms
    • Order of reactivity

    Elimination Reactions

    • Dehydrohalogenation or B-Elimination
    • Saytzeff's Rule
    • Reaction with metals
    • Wurtz reaction
    • Fittig reaction

    Chemical Properties of Haloarenes

    • Nucleophilic substitution reactions
    • Dow's Process
    • Electrophilic substitution reactions

    Uses of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    • Solvents
    • Production of Freon
    • Anesthetics
    • Preservatives
    • Fire extinguishers
    • Refrigerants
    • Antiseptics

    Harm of certain haloalkanes

    • Ozone layer depletion
    • Toxicity (DDT)

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    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of haloalkanes and haloarenes, delving into their definitions and classifications as halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons. Learn about the different types of haloalkanes and haloarenes, including primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides, as well as allylic and benzylic halides. This quiz will test your knowledge of these essential organic compounds.

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