Haloalkanes & Haloarenes Overview

A prefix used when one methyl group is attached to the carbon atom next to the end carbon in a carbon chain.

A prefix used when two methyl groups are attached to the carbon atom next to the end carbon in a carbon chain.

A term used to describe the arrangement of substituents on a benzene ring, where the substituents are attached to two adjacent carbon atoms.

A term used to describe the arrangement of substituents on a benzene ring, where the substituents are attached to carbon atoms that are one carbon apart.

A term used to describe the arrangement of substituents on a benzene ring, where the substituents are attached to carbon atoms directly across from each other.

In a C-X bond (where X is a halogen), the halogen atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom, making the bond polar.

The carbon atom in a C-X bond (where X is a halogen) is partially positive due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and the halogen.

The halogen atom in a C-X bond (where X is a halogen) is partially negative due to its higher electronegativity compared to carbon.

A reaction where alcohol reacts with a halogen acid (like HCl, HBr, or HI) to form a haloalkane and water. The general reaction is shown as R-OH + HX → R-X + H2O, where R is an alkyl group, X is a halogen, and HX is a halogen acid.

A specific reaction where primary and secondary alcohols react with anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl2) in the presence of HCl, forming chloroalkanes. This reaction is often used for the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Anhydrous zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is a Lewis acid that forms coordinate bonds with the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl (-OH) group in alcohols. This weakens the O-H bond, making the alcohol more reactive and facilitating reactions like the Groove's process.

The order of reactivity of HX (hydrogen halides) in reactions with alcohols is HI > HBr > HCl > HF. This means HI reacts fastest, then HBr, HCl, and lastly HF.

The order of reactivity of alcohols with HX is tertiary > secondary > primary. This means tertiary alcohols react fastest, then secondary, and lastly primary alcohols.

The reaction using red phosphorus with bromine or iodine to prepare bromoalkanes or iodoalkanes.

A method for preparing iodoalkanes by reacting chloro- or bromoalkanes with concentrated sodium iodide in acetone.

An exchange reaction where a halogen atom (bromine or chlorine) is replaced with iodine using sodium iodide.

A chemical reaction where a halogen atom (chlorine or bromine) is replaced with fluorine.

The only method to prepare fluoroalkanes, involving the reaction of chloroalkanes or bromoalkanes with antimony trifluoride (SbF3) in the presence of a catalyst.

A reaction involving the replacement of a halogen atom (Cl, Br, I) in an alkyl halide with a fluorine atom using heavy metal fluorides like AgF, HgF2, or SbF3.

A reaction where silver salts of carboxylic acids react with bromine in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to form bromoalkanes, carbon dioxide, and silver bromide.

The formation of haloarenes (aryl halides) through the direct reaction of arenes (benzene and its derivatives) with halogens (chlorine or bromine) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst like iron (Fe), ferric chloride (FeCl3), or aluminum chloride (AlCl3).

The process of introducing a halogen atom into an aromatic ring through an electrophilic substitution reaction. The halogen acts as an electrophile, attacking the aromatic ring's electron-rich pi system.

A type of reaction where an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group in a molecule. This reaction is key to the synthesis of haloalkanes and haloarenes.

A carbon atom bonded to four different substituents. It lacks symmetry due to the different groups attached to it.

A molecule that does not have a plane of symmetry and cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. This means it rotates plane-polarized light.

A compound that rotates the plane of polarized light. They are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

Isomers with the same molecular formula and structural formula but differ in the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms. They can rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.

The property of a molecule that allows it to rotate the plane of polarized light. This is due to the presence of chiral centers.

A chemical reaction used to convert alcohols into alkyl chlorides. It involves reacting the alcohol with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) in the presence of pyridine. This method is widely preferred because the side products are gases, making purification easier.

A highly reactive compound used in the Darzen process. It acts as a chlorinating agent, replacing the hydroxyl group (-OH) in an alcohol with a chlorine atom (-Cl).

An organic compound acting as a base in the Darzen Process. Its role is to neutralize the HCl produced during the reaction, making it a crucial catalyst.

A molecule containing a carbon atom bonded to a halogen atom. They are often produced from alcohols through reactions like the Darzen Process.

The functional group present in alcohols, consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. It is replaced by a halogen during the Darzen Process. The alcohol's structure determines the structure of the final alkyl halide.

A reaction mechanism where a phosphorous halide reacts with an alcohol, substituting the hydroxyl (-OH) group with a halogen (X - chlorine, bromine, etc.). The reaction is favored in the presence of a catalyst like pyridine.

A compound with significant phosphorus content. It is formed as a byproduct in the reaction of alcohols with phosphorus halides. This compound often serves as a good leaving group, facilitating the substitution reaction.

A strong inorganic acid that can be produced as a byproduct from the reaction of alcohols with phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride. This acid is important to consider for specific reaction conditions and safety protocols.