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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the reaction that involves the preparation of alkyl halides?
What is the name of the reaction that involves the preparation of alkyl halides?
Finkelstein Reaction
In the context of the Finkelstein reaction, what facilitates the forward reaction?
In the context of the Finkelstein reaction, what facilitates the forward reaction?
Precipitating Nax with dry acetone
What is the principle that describes the favorable forward reaction in Finkelstein's reaction?
What is the principle that describes the favorable forward reaction in Finkelstein's reaction?
Le Chatelier's Principle
The Swartz reaction is a halogeno-exchange reaction.
The Swartz reaction is a halogeno-exchange reaction.
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Which elements can be easily introduced in the benzene ring of a benzene diazonium salt using Sandmeyer's reaction?
Which elements can be easily introduced in the benzene ring of a benzene diazonium salt using Sandmeyer's reaction?
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What is the chemical compound formed in the diazotization reaction?
What is the chemical compound formed in the diazotization reaction?
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What is the name of the reaction involving the coupling of alkyl halides with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether?
What is the name of the reaction involving the coupling of alkyl halides with sodium metal in the presence of dry ether?
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What type of reaction is used to introduce a halogen atom on an aromatic ring?
What type of reaction is used to introduce a halogen atom on an aromatic ring?
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Which rule determines the major product in the dehydrohalogenation reaction?
Which rule determines the major product in the dehydrohalogenation reaction?
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What is the name of the reagent used in the preparation of haloalkanes from alcohols?
What is the name of the reagent used in the preparation of haloalkanes from alcohols?
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What is the best method for preparing haloalkanes from alcohols, as it involves the release of SO2 and HCl as gases?
What is the best method for preparing haloalkanes from alcohols, as it involves the release of SO2 and HCl as gases?
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What is the name of the acid produced in the reaction of alcohols with phosphorus halides?
What is the name of the acid produced in the reaction of alcohols with phosphorus halides?
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What are the two types of hydrogen present in alkanes that can be replaced by a halogen atom?
What are the two types of hydrogen present in alkanes that can be replaced by a halogen atom?
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What type of reaction do alkenes undergo with hydrogen halides?
What type of reaction do alkenes undergo with hydrogen halides?
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What type of reaction is used to prepare haloalkanes from dihalides?
What type of reaction is used to prepare haloalkanes from dihalides?
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The Dow’s process is an economical method for preparing phenol.
The Dow’s process is an economical method for preparing phenol.
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What are the major products obtained in electrophilic substitution reaction on haloarenes?
What are the major products obtained in electrophilic substitution reaction on haloarenes?
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What is the important requirement for a successful electrophilic substitution reaction, especially in the preparation of haloarenes?
What is the important requirement for a successful electrophilic substitution reaction, especially in the preparation of haloarenes?
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What is the major type of reaction occurring in haloalkanes?
What is the major type of reaction occurring in haloalkanes?
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What is the name of the intermediate formed in SN1 reactions?
What is the name of the intermediate formed in SN1 reactions?
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What type of reaction is typically observed in haloalkanes when they react with a strong base?
What type of reaction is typically observed in haloalkanes when they react with a strong base?
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Which type of reactions are haloalkanes known to undergo when treated with metals?
Which type of reactions are haloalkanes known to undergo when treated with metals?
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How are haloalkanes and haloarenes different in terms of their solubility in water?
How are haloalkanes and haloarenes different in terms of their solubility in water?
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Haloalkanes are generally soluble in organic solvents.
Haloalkanes are generally soluble in organic solvents.
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Which of these halogens exhibits the highest polarity in an R-X bond?
Which of these halogens exhibits the highest polarity in an R-X bond?
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Which of these halogens has the lowest boiling point in an R-X bond?
Which of these halogens has the lowest boiling point in an R-X bond?
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Which of the following factors determines the melting point of haloalkanes?
Which of the following factors determines the melting point of haloalkanes?
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Study Notes
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes - Revision Notes
- Haloalkanes are alkyl halides; organic compounds containing one or more halogen atoms.
- Haloarenes are aromatic compounds containing one or more halogen atoms.
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Finkelstein Reaction:
- R-X + NaI → R-I + NaX (X = Cl, Br)
- Favored by precipitating NaX with dry acetone.
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Swartz Reaction:
- R-X + Metallic fluoride →R-F + AgX (X = Cl, Br)
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Sandmeyer's Reaction:
- Benzene diazonium salts in presence of Cu(I) can introduce halogens or CN into the benzene ring.
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Diazotization Reaction:
- Benzene diazonium chloride is obtained by reacting Aniline with NaNO2 and HCl.
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Wurtz Reaction:
- 2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2NaX
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Fittig's Reaction:
- 2Ar-X + 2Na → Ar-Ar + 2NaX (Ar= aryl group)
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Wurtz-Fittig's Reaction:
- One alkyl halide and one aryl halide reacted with 2Na gives a mixed alkyl aryl compound.
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Reaction with Metal (Grignard Reagent):
- R-X + Mg →R-Mg-X (Grignard Reagent)
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Friedel-Crafts Reactions:
- Alkylation and Acylation
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Saytzeff Rule:
- More alkyl groups bonded to the double bond gives a more stable alkene.
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Haloalkane preparations from alcohols:
- Using PCl₃, PBr₃, or SOCl₂
- Using NaX and H₂SO₄
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Haloalkane preparation from hydrocarbons:
- Direct halogenation of alkanes/alkenes
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Haloarene preparations from hydrocarbons:
- Electrophilic substitution reactions, like halogenation
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Haloarene preparations from amines:
- Sandmeyer's reaction
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Nucleophilic Substitution reactions:
- SN1 and SN2 mechanisms for haloalkanes.
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Elimination Reactions:
- Formation of double bond by reaction with base
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Reactions with metals:
- Grignard reagents
- Wurtz reaction
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Haloalkane physical properties:
- Nonpolar
- Boiling/melting point increases as size of halogen increases and molecular weight increases
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Haloarene physical properties:
- Insoluble in water
- Soluble in organic solvents.
- Polar
- Boiling point increases with increasing molecular weight
Haloarenes - Preparation
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Electrophilic substitution:
- Halogenation of arenes (benzene or derivatives).
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From amines (Sandmeyer reaction):
- Aromatic amines diazotized and treated with CuX to form aryl halides.
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Electrophilic substitution on Benzene:
- Using halogen and catalyst.
Haloalkanes - Physical Properties Summary
- Colorless
- Insoluble in water
- Soluble in organic solvents
- Polarity: R-F > R-Cl > R-Br > R-I
- Boiling point increases with increasing molar mass
- Melting point influenced by symmetry
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to haloalkanes and haloarenes, including their definitions and various important reactions such as Finkelstein, Swartz, and Sandmeyer's reactions. Test your understanding of these organic compounds and their chemical behaviors.
