Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Revision Notes

A reaction that replaces a halogen atom in an alkyl halide with another halogen atom. Usually involves the use of a sodium halide salt and a polar aprotic solvent like acetone. The reaction is favored in the forward direction by the precipitation of the sodium halide salt, which helps drive the reaction forward.

A reaction that replaces a halogen atom in an alkyl halide with a fluorine atom. It is often used to prepare fluoroalkanes, which have important applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, polymers, and agrochemicals.

A reaction that introduces chlorine, bromine or a cyanide group into the benzene ring using a benzene diazonium salt.

The process of converting an aromatic amine, like aniline, into a diazonium salt by treating a cold solution of the amine with a mixture of nitrous acid (HNO2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) at low temperature.

A reaction that couples two alkyl halides to form a higher alkane using metallic sodium. It is used to prepare alkanes with longer carbon chains.

A reaction similar to the Wurtz reaction, but it couples two aryl halides with metallic sodium to form a biaryl compound.

A reaction involving the addition of an alkyl or aryl halide to a metal to form a Grignard reagent, a powerful organometallic reagent used in organic synthesis.

A reaction that involves the addition of an alkyl or acyl group to an aromatic ring using a Lewis acid catalyst, like AlCl3. The reaction is used to prepare alkylbenzenes and acylbenzenes.

A rule that states the major product in a dehydrohalogenation reaction is the alkene with the greatest number of alkyl groups attached to the double bond.

A reaction in which a primary or secondary alcohol is converted into a haloalkane by treatment with a halogenating agent like HCl, HBr, or HI. It's a highly reactive reaction.

A test that differentiates primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their reaction rates with Lucas reagent, which is a mixture of ZnCl2 and concentrated HCl.

A method to convert alcohols to haloalkanes using thionyl chloride (SOCl2) or phosphorus trihalides (PX3) in the presence of a base.

A method for preparing haloalkanes from alkanes involving the reaction of alkanes with halogens in the presence of UV light or heat. This reaction can lead to a mixture of products due to the different types of carbon-hydrogen bonds present in the alkane.

A reaction where a halogen is added across the double bond of an alkene. The order of regioselectivity generally follows the Markovnikov's Rule.

A reaction that involves the addition of a halogen molecule (like Br2 or Cl2) to an alkene, breaking the double bond and resulting in a dihaloalkane.

A reaction involving the use of Finkelstein and Swartz reactions to replace one halogen with another in an alkyl halide.

A substitution reaction that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon with a halogen atom using a catalyst like Fe or FeCl3. It is a key method to synthesize haloarenes.

A method for preparing bromo- or chloroarenes using Sandmeyer's reaction, where an aromatic amine is converted into a diazonium salt and then treated with CuBr or CuCl to introduce the corresponding halogen.

A reaction involving the substitution of a halogen atom for a hydrogen atom in a benzene ring using a strong nucleophile, like OH-. This is a common method for preparing phenols - a key industrial process known as the Dow's process.

A reaction where a halogen atom attached to a benzene ring is replaced with another functional group like a nitro group or sulfonic acid group. This is a typical electrophilic substitution reaction.

A nucleophilic substitution reaction where an alkyl halide reacts with a nucleophile to replace the halogen atom. It is a widely used reaction in organic chemistry.

A reaction involving the elimination of a hydrogen halide (HX) from an alkyl halide to form an alkene. The reaction is influenced by the nature of the base, the alkyl halide, and the reaction conditions.

A reaction where a haloalkane reacts with a metal. This can lead to various products depending on the specific metal and the structure of the haloalkane.

The haloalkanes are usually colorless liquids or gases at room temperature. This is determined by the size of the halogen and the length of the carbon chain.

Haloalkanes are polar due to the electronegativity difference between the carbon and halogen atoms. They are generally insoluble in water (but soluble in organic solvents) due to their inability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

The boiling point and melting point of haloalkanes depend on the size of the halogen and the length of the carbon chain. The boiling point increases with increasing molecular weight and van der Waals forces.