Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of carbon atom do haloalkanes have halogen atoms attached to?

  • sp2 hybridised carbon
  • sp hybridised carbon
  • sp3 hybridised carbon (correct)
  • sp3d hybridised carbon

    • Which of the following is a clinical application of halogen-containing organic compounds?

  • Chloroquine for respiratory infections
  • Ethylene for treating hypertension
  • Sodium chloride for allergies
  • Chloramphenicol for typhoid fever (correct)

    • What disease is caused by deficiency of the iodine-containing hormone thyroxine?

  • Goiter (correct)
  • Diabetes
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Hypothyroidism

    • Which type of hydrocarbon undergoes halogenation to form haloarenes?

    <p>Aromatic hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is used as an anaesthetic during surgery?

    <p>Halothane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hybridisation is associated with the carbon atoms in haloarenes?

    <p>sp2 hybridised carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about organo-metallic compounds is true?

    <p>They are used in a variety of applications including organic synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compounds are known for their environmental effects among halogenated compounds?

    <p>Polyhalogen compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of replacing the diazonium group with iodine?

    <p>It can be done by shaking with potassium iodide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a halogenation reaction involving a diazonium compound?

    <p>Replacement with iodine does not need additional reagents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the reaction of NaCl with NaBr, what is likely occurring?

    <p>A simple exchange of ions between the two salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of potassium iodide in the reaction described?

    <p>It provides iodide ions to replace the diazonium group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cuprous halide not required in the reaction to replace a diazonium group?

    <p>The reaction proceeds efficiently in its absence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the replacement of a diazonium group affect the structure of the compound?

    <p>It introduces a new functional group in place of the diazonium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of a diazonium salt indicate in organic chemistry?

    <p>The potential for electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional elements or compounds could influence the halogenation of diazonium salts?

    <p>Presence of heat or strong acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the stability of a carbocation and its ease of formation from alkyl halides?

    <p>Greater stability leads to easier formation and faster reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of alkyl halide is most likely to undergo an SN1 reaction quickly?

    <p>Tertiary alkyl halides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of reactivity for halides in SN1 and SN2 reactions?

    <p>R–I &gt; R–Br &gt; R–Cl &gt; R–F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of halides demonstrate high reactivity towards the SN1 reaction due to resonance stabilization?

    <p>Allylic and benzylic halides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the SN2 reaction of primary halides is correct?

    <p>Iodine is a better leaving group compared to bromine in primary halides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the isomeric bromobutanes, which compound is likely to have the highest reactivity in SN1 reactions?

    <p>(CH3)3CBr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In SN2 reactions, which of the following alkyl halides would undergo the reaction fastest?

    <p>CH3CH2CH2Br</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is false regarding the stability of carbocations?

    <p>Primary carbocations are the most stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes secondary and tertiary bromides?

    <p>Tertiary bromides are characterized by having four substituents on the carbon bonded to bromine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction mechanism is primarily associated with tertiary bromides?

    <p>SN1 Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reactivity order of various halides in nucleophilic substitution reactions?

    <p>R–I &gt; R–Br &gt; R–Cl &gt; R–F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which of the following compounds is the SN2 mechanism favored?

    <p>(CH3)2CHCH2Br</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly summarizes the effects of carbon substitution on the reaction mechanism?

    <p>SN2 reactions are favored by primary halides, while SN1 reactions are favored by tertiary halides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is classified as a secondary bromide?

    <p>CH3CH2CH(Br)CH3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors primarily influences the order of reactivity in nucleophilic substitution reactions?

    <p>The degree of substitution on the carbon bonded to halogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reaction mechanism would you expect 2-bromobutane to predominantly react?

    <p>SN2 Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound has the highest reactivity in SN2 reactions?

    <p>C6H5CH2Br</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is C6H5CH(C6H5)Br more reactive in SN1 reactions compared to C6H5CH(CH3)Br?

    <p>It is stabilized by two phenyl groups due to resonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does optical activity refer to?

    <p>The rotation of plane polarized light by optically active compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a compound that rotates plane polarized light to the right?

    <p>Dextrorotatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about C6H5C(CH3)(C6H5)Br is true?

    <p>It is sterically hindered and exhibits low reactivity in SN2 reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In stereochemistry, what does 'retention' refer to?

    <p>The preservation of chirality during substitution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction mechanism is more sensitive to steric hindrance?

    <p>SN2 reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a secondary bromide and a primary bromide regarding SN2 reactivity?

    <p>Primary bromides are less sterically hindered than secondary bromides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    • Haloalkanes are formed by replacing hydrogen atoms in an aliphatic hydrocarbon with halogen atoms.
    • Haloarenes are formed by replacing hydrogen atoms in an aromatic hydrocarbon with halogen atoms.
    • Haloalkanes contain halogen atoms attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl group.
    • Haloarenes contain halogen atoms attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atoms of an aryl group.
    • Chloramphenicol, a chlorine-containing antibiotic produced by microorganisms, is effective for treating typhoid fever.
    • Thyroxine, an iodine-containing hormone produced by the body, is crucial for thyroid function.
    • Chloroquine, a synthetic halogen compound, is used to treat malaria.
    • Halothane, another synthetic halogen compound, is used as an anaesthetic during surgery.
    • Some fully fluorinated compounds are being considered as potential blood substitutes in surgery.

    Reactions of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

    • SN1 reactions are favored by the stability of carbocations, making tertiary alkyl halides highly reactive.
    • SN2 reactions are favored by the accessibility of the electrophilic carbon and are generally faster with primary halides.
    • Leaving Group Ability: The order of reactivity for leaving groups in both SN1 and SN2 reactions is I > Br > Cl >> F.
    • Steric Hinderance: Steric hindrance around the carbon atom with the halogen affects SN2 reaction rates, with higher amounts of hindrance slowing the reaction down.

    Factors Affecting the Rate of SN1 and SN2 Reactions

    • Stability of the carbocation: The more stable the carbocation, the faster the SN1 reaction.
    • Leaving group ability: A good leaving group detaches easily, accelerating the SN1 and SN2 reactions.
    • Strength of the nucleophile: A strong nucleophile attacks the substrate more effectively, increasing the rate of SN2 reactions.
    • Solvent: Polar protic solvents favor SN1 reactions, whereas polar aprotic solvents favor SN2 reactions.

    Stereochemistry

    • Optically active compounds: These compounds rotate the plane of plane polarised light when it is passed through their solutions.
    • Dextrorotatory (d-form): Rotates the plane of polarized light clockwise.
    • Levorotatory (l-form): Rotates the plane of polarized light counterclockwise.

    Applications of Organometallic Compounds

    • Organometallic compounds have various industrial and daily life applications.
    • Used as solvents for non-polar compounds and as starting materials in organic synthesis
    • Play a crucial role in various chemical processes as catalysts and reagents.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of haloalkanes and haloarenes, their formation, properties, and applications. This quiz covers key concepts, including the reactions (SN1), and important compounds such as chloramphenicol and chloroquine. Perfect for students studying organic chemistry!

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