Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Quiz

An aryl halide is a halide attached directly to an aromatic ring. If the halide is attached to a carbon that is directly attached to an aromatic ring but NOT the aromatic ring itself, it is NOT an aryl halide.

A 2° halide is a halide attached to a carbon that is bonded to two other carbons. A 1° halide is attached to a carbon bonded to one other carbon. A 3° halide is attached to a carbon bonded to three other carbons.

A benzylic halide is a halide directly attached to the carbon atom adjacent to (but not part of) the aromatic ring.

A haloalkane is an alkane that has a halogen atom bonded to one of its carbons. A haloalkane is a hydrocarbon, making it a compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

A haloarene is an aromatic compound where one or more of the hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring have been replaced by halogen atoms.

KI can react with alcohols to form alkyl iodides. However, sulfuric acid is a strong oxidizing agent and can react with iodide ions, oxidizing them to iodine and forming HI. This is why sulfuric acid is not used in the reaction of alcohols with KI because it can interfere with the reaction.

Alcohols can be dehydrated by strong acids, such as sulfuric acid, leading to the formation of alkenes. This can be unwanted side reaction, that's why sulfuric acid is not used to react with alcohols and KI.

SN1 reactions are favored by tertiary halides. This is because the carbocation intermediate formed in the reaction is more stable for tertiary halides. The tertiary carbocation is more stable due to hyperconjugation. The carbocation intermediate is formed in the first step of an SN1 reaction.

The process involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom in an alkane with a bromine atom using light as a catalyst.

An alkyl halide is a compound where a halogen atom is bonded to a saturated carbon atom. It can be primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon atom bearing the halogen.

An aryl halide is a compound where a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon atom in an aromatic ring. The halogen atom is attached to a carbon atom of the ring, making it a part of the aromatic system.

The nucleophilic substitution reaction that occurs when a haloalkane reacts with a cyanide ion (CN-), resulting in the formation of a nitrile.

When a haloalkane reacts with silver cyanide, it gives an isocyanide as the major product.

A molecule that exists in two mirror-image forms (enantiomers) and the conversion of one enantiomer to the other.

It occurs when a chiral molecule undergoes a reaction that breaks and reforms a bond at a chiral center.

The rate of the reaction is only dependent on the halide concentration, meaning it's a unimolecular reaction.

The reaction proceeds through a carbocation intermediate, which allows for the possibility of both inversion and retention of configuration.

The reaction proceeds with a complete inversion of configuration, meaning the nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group.

Aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions (NSR) due to the resonance effect, which stabilizes the carbon-halogen bond and makes it less susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

2-Bromo-2-methyl propane will only produce one alkene upon elimination because all hydrogen atoms on the beta-carbon are equivalent.

The carbon-magnesium bond in a Grignard reagent is highly polar, with significant ionic character.

The Grignard reagent reacts with ethyl chloride to give ethane. The Grignard reagent can be used to add a carbon chain to another molecule.

A nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction where a nucleophile (an electron-rich species) attacks an electrophilic carbon atom, replacing a leaving group.

Strong electron withdrawing groups like nitro groups can be deactivated groups. However, in the nitration of haloarenes, the major product is para-nitro haloarene, not meta-nitro haloarene.

The stronger inductive effect (-I) of halogens compared to their resonance effect (+M) makes them deactivating groups in electrophilic aromatic substitution. However, the ortho and para positions are more reactive due to resonance stabilization.

The presence of electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) like nitro groups in haloarenes increases their reactivity towards electrophilic aromatic substitution due to the stabilization of the intermediate carbocation.

Free radicals are highly reactive species with unpaired electrons. In the troposphere, freons can absorb UV radiation and break down into free radicals, which can deplete the ozone layer.

Freons are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) used as refrigerants and propellants. They have a high chemical stability, are non-toxic, and non-corrosive. However, they have harmful environmental effects by depleting the ozone layer in the stratosphere.

The stability of the intermediate anion is higher when the nitro group is at the ortho or para position compared to the meta position, leading to an increased rate of nucleophilic substitution at ortho and para positions.

The resonance effect of the nitro group is significant at ortho and para positions, but not at the meta position. This explains the increased reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution at ortho and para positions.

A chemical reaction where a chain of reactions involving free radicals propagates itself. These reactions are important in atmospheric chemistry, where free radicals can cause the depletion of the ozone layer.

CCl4, also known as carbon tetrachloride, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) that can cause the depletion of the ozone layer. CFCs release chlorine atoms into the atmosphere, which break down ozone molecules (O3) into oxygen (O2) and chlorine monoxide (ClO).

Haloarenes are aromatic compounds (containing a benzene ring) with a halogen atom directly attached to the ring. Haloarenes are relatively unreactive, but they can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions.

The electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction of haloarenes occurs at a slower rate compared to benzene. This is because the halogen substituent exerts an electron-withdrawing effect, making the aromatic ring less electron-rich and less reactive towards electrophiles.

The assertion that haloarenes exhibit nucleophilic substitution reactions (NSR) at high temperatures is true. The reason for this is that at high temperatures, the carbon-halogen bond in the haloarene weakens, making it more susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

Grignard reagents are extremely reactive and must be prepared in anhydrous conditions. They are organometallic compounds containing a carbon-metal bond, specifically magnesium. The presence of water would react with the Grignard reagent, destroying its reactivity.

Secondary butyl bromide reacts with KCN via an SN2 reaction to form secondary butyl cyanide. The reaction proceeds through a backside attack of the cyanide ion on the carbon atom bonded to the bromide.

Tertiary alkyl halides are more prone to undergo SN1 reactions compared to primary or secondary alkyl halides. This is due to the stability of the tertiary carbocation intermediate formed in the SN1 reaction.