Halitosis revision notes quiz hard
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Questions and Answers

What is primarily responsible for the majority of halitosis cases?

  • Gastrointestinal disorders
  • Metabolic diseases
  • Bacterial activity in the oral cavity (correct)
  • Pathogens from the respiratory system
  • Which of the following is NOT a physiological cause of halitosis?

  • Smoking
  • Xerostomia from medications
  • Bacterial activity during sleep
  • Poor oral hygiene (correct)
  • Which condition is correlated with the presence and severity of halitosis?

  • Bronchitis
  • Cleft lip and palate
  • Liver failure
  • Gastroesophageal reflux (correct)
  • Which type of halitosis describes a patient who believes they have bad breath but does not?

    <p>Delusional halitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be an expected outcome of chemotherapy regarding halitosis?

    <p>Xerostomia leading to bad breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are mainly responsible for causing halitosis?

    <p>Gram-negative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best initial treatment approach for halitosis by dental professionals?

    <p>Reduction of bacterial load and oral hygiene instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential extra-oral cause of halitosis?

    <p>Tonsillitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be reviewed in patients with halitosis to minimize plaque retention?

    <p>Existing restorations and prostheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic disease can contribute to halitosis due to increased levels of salivary urea?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using organoleptic measurement for assessing halitosis?

    <p>It is quick, easy, and cost-effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is considered the gold standard for measuring halitosis?

    <p>Organoleptic measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of gas chromatography in measuring halitosis?

    <p>It is expensive and non-transportable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests involves the incubation of saliva at 37 degrees in an anaerobic medium?

    <p>Salivary incubation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the BANA test primarily indicate?

    <p>Presence of specific bacteria associated with periodontal disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sulfide monitoring compared to gas chromatography?

    <p>It generates electro-chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to detect low molecular weight amines and polyamines in halitosis assessment?

    <p>Ninhydrin method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major drawback of indirect methods for measuring halitosis?

    <p>They have not been validated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method requires the use of a pump to draw air from the patient's mouth?

    <p>Ammonia monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might organoleptic measurement be considered less favorable in clinical settings?

    <p>It can cause embarrassment to both clinician and patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Halitosis

    • Refers to unpleasant breath odor.
    • Affects nearly over half of the general population.
    • 85-90% of halitosis cases originate from the oral cavity.
    • Hypo-salivation and bacterial activity are common during sleep.
    • Smoking, alcohol, and certain foods can contribute to halitosis.

    Causes of Halitosis

    • Oral Causes:

      • Poor oral hygiene
      • Tongue biofilm
      • Food impactions
      • Candidiasis
      • Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria are primarily responsible for halitosis.
    • Extra-Oral Causes:

      • Respiratory System: Diseases like bronchitis, lung disease, cleft lip and palate, and tonsillitis can exhale bad odor from the mouth and nose.
      • Gastrointestinal System: High correlation between gastroesophageal reflux and halitosis.
      • Metabolic Diseases: Diabetes, kidney failure, and liver failure can contribute to halitosis due to increased salivary urea and uric acid.
      • Medications: Chemotherapy drugs can cause xerostomia, leading to halitosis. Many medications can reduce saliva flow, including blood pressure medications, antidepressants, diuretics, diabetes medications, and vitamin supplements.

    Classification of Halitosis

    • Genuine Halitosis:

      • Physiological: Caused by natural bodily processes.
      • Pathogenic
        • Oral: Originates in the mouth due to poor hygiene or other oral conditions.
        • Extra-Oral: Originates outside the mouth due to conditions like respiratory disease or metabolic disorders.
    • Delusional Halitosis: Also known as pseudohalitosis or halitophobia. This refers to the belief that one has bad breath despite no objective evidence.

    Treatment of Halitosis

    • Dental Hygienist/Dental Therapist Treatment:
      • Reduce bacterial load: Tailored oral hygiene instructions, periodontal therapy, antiseptic/zinc-based mouthwashes, and tongue hygiene.
      • Review existing restorations and prosthesis to minimize plaque retention.
      • Diagnose and treat oral conditions: Conditions like xerostomia, pericoronitis, and oral ulcerations can contribute to halitosis and need appropriate treatment.
      • Refer to specialists: Referral may be necessary if halitosis is due to other medical issues or if halitosis persists or the patient is experiencing halitophobia.

    Measurement of Halitosis

    • Direct Methods:

      • Organoleptic Measurement: Clinician grades breath odor on a scale of 0-5 (0 being no odor and 5 being very strong malodour). This method is quick, easy, and cost-effective but can be embarrassing for both the patient and clinician. Considered the "gold standard" for assessing halitosis.
      • Gas Chromatography: Analyzes volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in breath samples from saliva, tongue coating, or breath using a syringe. This method is highly objective, reproducible, and reliable, but it is expensive and utilizes non-portable equipment.
      • Sulfide Monitoring: Air containing sulfur-containing compounds is collected from the patient's mouth. The compounds generate electrochemical reactions allowing for measurement. This method is more portable than gas chromatography but less sensitive and specific.
    • Indirect Methods (not validated):

      • BANA Test (Benzoyl-DL-arginine-a-Naphthylamide test): The tongue is wiped with a cotton swab, and the sample is placed on a BANA test strip in an incubator. The strip turns blue if certain bacteria are present.
      • Salivary Incubation Test: Saliva is collected and incubated in anaerobic medium for many hours. Less affected by external factors.
      • Ammonia Monitoring: Expiratory air containing ammonia is drawn into a detector through a tube after rinsing the mouth with urea.
      • Ninhydrin Method: detects low-molecular-weight amines and polyamines not detectable by sulfur monitors.

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    Related Documents

    Halitosis Revision PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the various causes of halitosis, including oral and extra-oral factors. Learn about how poor oral hygiene, medications, and certain diseases contribute to unpleasant breath odor. Test your understanding of halitosis and its impacts on the general population.

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