Haemorrhage and Its Complications

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Questions and Answers

What is ecchymosis commonly known as?

Bruising (correct)

Blood clot

Internal bleeding

Hemorrhage

What is the initial color change observed in an ecchymosis?

Black

Red

Green

Purple (correct)

Which condition may lead to ecchymosis?

Underlying health conditions (correct)

Infection

Aging

Heavy exercise

How much blood loss may a healthy adult tolerate without serious effects?

20% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can greater blood loss lead to?

Hypovolemic shock (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which situation could be fatal, despite minor external bleeding?

Bleeding in the critical areas like the brain (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of chronic blood loss?

Iron deficiency anemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body handle internal bleeding regarding iron?

It recycles iron efficiently (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the clinical consequences of hemorrhage?

Age of the individual (D) Signup and view all the answers

What color is bilirubin, which is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin?

Blue-green (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate hemorrhage due to damage to blood vessels?

Problems with blood clotting (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines hemorrhagic diatheses?

Inherited or acquired issues affecting bleeding (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bleeding occurs in the abdominal cavity?

Hemoperitoneum (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do petechiae typically appear on the skin?

Tiny and clustered (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly differentiates purpura from bruises?

Purpura are larger spots that do not fade over time (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could potentially lead to jaundice due to large hemorrhages?

Hemolysis of red blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with hemorrhagic diatheses?

Failure to adequately stop minor bleeding (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a hematoma?

Internal accumulation of blood in tissues (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do purpura spots typically present on the skin?

Large and spaced apart (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinguishing factor between petechiae and purpura?

The size of the lesions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Haemorrhage

Blood leaks from blood vessels due to damage.
Can be exacerbated by clotting issues.
Occurs in various scenarios: chronically congested tissues, trauma, atherosclerosis.
Severity depends on affected blood vessel size.
Increased likelihood of bleeding in hemorrhagic diatheses, inherited or acquired disorders affecting blood vessels, platelets, or clotting factors.

Haemorrhage Forms

External bleeding: Blood leaks outside the body.
Internal bleeding: Blood accumulates in tissues (hematomas).
Hematoma examples:
- Ecchymoses: Bruises.
- Hemothorax: Bleeding in the chest.
- Hemopericardium: Bleeding around the heart.
- Hemoperitoneum: Bleeding in the abdominal cavity.
- Hemarthrosis: Bleeding in joints.

Haemorrhage Complications

Jaundice: Possible with large haemorrhages due to hemoglobin breakdown.
Hypovolemic shock: Life-threatening condition resulting from significant blood loss.
Iron deficiency anemia: Potential consequence of chronic or repeated blood loss.

Skin Manifestations of Haemorrhage

Petechiae: Tiny red or purple spots on the skin, mucous membranes, or serosa surfaces due to small bleedings under the surface.
- Tiny, clustered, don't change colour when pressed.
- Can indicate clotting issues, infection, or medication reaction.
Purpura: Larger purple or red spots on the skin, similar to petechiae but bigger and more spread out.
- Occur when small blood vessels burst.
- Don't fade with time, often indicating an underlying health problem.
Ecchymosis: Bruises.
- Blood leaks from small blood vessels under the skin, causing discoloration.
- Area turns purple, blue, or black due to hemoglobin conversion to bilirubin and then hemosiderin.
- Can take days or weeks to heal as the body breaks down trapped blood.
- Typically caused by injury or trauma, but can also be caused by health conditions or medications affecting blood clotting.

Clinical Consequences of Haemorrhage

Severity depends on blood volume lost, bleeding speed, location, and individual health.
Healthy adults can tolerate up to 20% blood volume loss without serious effects.
Pre-existing heart or lung issues increase vulnerability to blood loss.
Minor external bleeding is usually less serious than internal bleeding in critical areas like the brain.
Chronic or repeated blood loss can lead to iron deficiency anemia.
Internal bleeding typically doesn't cause iron deficiency due to efficient iron recycling from destroyed red blood cells.

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Description

This quiz covers the concept of haemorrhage, including its causes, forms, and various complications that can arise due to blood loss. Explore critical terms like external and internal bleeding, different types of hematomas, and the potential complications such as jaundice and hypovolemic shock. Test your knowledge on this essential topic in pathology.