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Questions and Answers

Which molecule does haemoglobin reversibly combine with?

  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Nitrogen
  • Oxygen (correct)

    • How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

  • 4 (correct)
  • 2
  • 1
  • 3

    • What is the role of haemoglobin in the transportation of CO2 waste?

  • It binds to the polypeptide chains
  • It binds to globin's amino acids (correct)
  • It binds to the iron ion
  • It binds to the haeme group

    • Which ion is present in each haeme pigment of the globin protein?

    <p>Fe+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oxygen molecules can each haemoglobin molecule carry?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many haemoglobin molecules can each red blood cell (RBC) carry?

    <p>1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the haemoglobin molecule binds to carbon dioxide (CO2) waste?

    <p>The globin's amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each haemoglobin molecule can carry ______ oxygen molecules from lungs to tissue cells

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If 1 RBC  250 million haemoglobin molecules, then each RBC can scoop up about ______ molecules of oxygen

    <p>1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemoglobin transports ______% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs for release

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 binds to globin’s amino acids rather than the ______ group

    <p>haeme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is haemoglobin bound to when it carries oxygen in the lungs?

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the iron ion in haemoglobin when it is converted to methaemoglobin?

    <p>It is converted from Fe2+ to Fe3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does carbon dioxide loading take place in the body?

    <p>Tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms of haemoglobin with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin = Haemoglobin bound to oxygen, oxygen loading takes place in the lungs Deoxyhaemoglobin = Haemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues, reduced Hb Carbaminohaemoglobin = Haemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide loading takes place in the tissues Methaemoglobin = Haemoglobin with Ferrous ion(Fe2+) converted to ferric iron (Fe3+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following forms of haemoglobin with their correct functions:

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin = Carries oxygen in the lungs Deoxyhaemoglobin = Carries oxygen after it diffuses into tissues Carbaminohaemoglobin = Binds to carbon dioxide in the tissues Methaemoglobin = Formed when the iron ion in haemoglobin is converted to ferric iron (Fe3+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following haemoglobin forms with the locations of their loading:

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin = Lungs Deoxyhaemoglobin = Tissues Carbaminohaemoglobin = Tissues Methaemoglobin = Not involved in loading, a result of a conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of haemoglobin is found in human erythrocytes during embryonic development?

    <p>Portland I &amp; II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of haemoglobin is found in human erythrocytes during fetal development?

    <p>HbF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of haemoglobin is found in adult human erythrocytes?

    <p>HbA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inherited disorder of haemoglobin is characterized by abnormal polypeptide chains being produced?

    <p>Haemoglobinopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Thalassaemias and related disorders?

    <p>Decreased or absent production of chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the amino acid sequences in the polypeptide chains of haemoglobin?

    <p>Globin genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid residue is replaced by valine in the abnormal β chains of Hb S?

    <p>Glutamic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chains are abnormal in Hb S?

    <p>Only β chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of haemoglobin is affected in Hb S?

    <p>Hb A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell is transformed into proerythroblast during the formation of red blood cells?

    <p>Myeloid stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for proerythroblasts to develop into reticulocytes?

    <p>15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do reticulocytes enter after their formation?

    <p>Bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During red blood cell formation, which type of stem cell is transformed into proerythroblast?

    <p>Myeloid stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for proerythroblasts to develop into reticulocytes?

    <p>15 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells enter the bloodstream after developing from orthochromatic erythroblasts?

    <p>Reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelles do reticulocytes eject to become mature RBCs?

    <p>Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the reticulum (network) found in reticulocytes?

    <p>Clumped ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for reticulocytes to escape from the bone marrow into the blood?

    <p>1-2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions might be indicated by a low count of circulating RBC's in an anaemic person?

    <p>Nutritional deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a high count of circulating RBC's indicate?

    <p>Successful iron therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the percentage of circulating RBC's in the body?

    <p>0.5% to 1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is necessary for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is iron stored in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for transporting iron in the blood?

    <p>Transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is essential for the production of red blood cells?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia?

    <p>It speeds up the development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of tissue hypoxia at high altitudes?

    <p>Decreased oxygen in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ plays a major role in engulfing dying red blood cells in the body?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the lifespan of red blood cells as they age?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do old red blood cells often get trapped in the circulatory system?

    <p>Spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quale es le pigmento que se forma quando haeme es degradate al intestino?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In qual forma le pigmento urobilinogen se elimina del corpore?

    <p>Per le feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qual parte del haemoglobina es metabolisate in amino acidos?

    <p>Globin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haeme e globina es separate e le haeme e degradate a pigmento bilirubina?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le haeme es conservate pro reuso e le globina es metabolisate in acidos amino?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le pigmento urobilinogen es eliminante del corpore in le urina?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Haeme and globin are separated during the degradation process?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Bilirubin is secreted by the liver into the intestines?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Globin is metabolized into amino acids?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of haeme and globin during the degradation process?

    <p>Haeme is salvaged for reuse while globin is metabolized into amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final pigment that leaves the body in feces?

    <p>The final pigment that leaves the body in feces is stercobilin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is bilirubin secreted by the liver?

    <p>Bilirubin is secreted by the liver into the intestines (in bile).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transferrin in the transportation of iron in the blood?

    <p>Transferrin is responsible for carrying iron(Fe+3) in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final fate of urobilinogen that is reabsorbed from the intestines into the blood?

    <p>Urobilinogen is converted to a yellow pigment, urobilin, and excreted in urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is bilirubin secreted by the liver?

    <p>Bilirubin is secreted by the liver into bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of bilirubin metabolism that is excreted in urine?

    <p>Urobilinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transferrin in the transportation of iron in the blood?

    <p>Transferrin binds to iron in the blood and transports it to the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is iron stored in the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is characterized by slight but persistent blood loss, such as from haemorrhoids or a bleeding ulcer?

    <p>Chronic haemorrhagic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem treated in chronic haemorrhagic anaemia?

    <p>Bleeding ulcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is characterized by rapid blood loss, such as from a stab wound?

    <p>Acute haemorrhagic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is characterized by slight but persistent blood loss, such as from haemorrhoids or a bleeding ulcer?

    <p>Chronic haemorrhagic anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem treated in haemorrhagic anaemia?

    <p>Blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is caused by haemorrhagic anaemia, low iron intake, or impaired absorption?

    <p>Iron-deficiency anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pernicious anaemia?

    <p>Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune disease that destroys the stomach mucosa, resulting in a lack of intrinsic factor needed to absorb Vitamin B12.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes macrocytes in pernicious anaemia?

    <p>In pernicious anaemia, the deficiency of Vitamin B12 causes the red blood cells to be unable to divide, resulting in macrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is pernicious anaemia treated?

    <p>Pernicious anaemia is treated with B12 injections or nasal gel. It can also be caused by low dietary intake of B12, such as in vegetarians.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three groups of causes of anaemia?

    <p>Blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of haemorrhagic anaemia?

    <p>Rapid blood loss (e.g., stab wound)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of chronic haemorrhagic anaemia?

    <p>Slight but persistent blood loss (e.g., haemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of iron-deficiency anaemia?

    <p>Caused by haemorrhagic anaemia, low iron intake, or impaired absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pernicious anaemia?

    <p>Autoimmune disease that destroys stomach mucosa and causes lack of intrinsic factor needed to absorb Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of anaemia due to chronic renal failure?

    <p>Lack of EPO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for anaemia due to chronic renal failure?

    <p>Synthetic EPO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition often accompanies renal disease?

    <p>Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aplastic anemia?

    <p>Aplastic anemia is a condition characterized by the destruction or inhibition of red marrow by drugs, chemicals, radiation, or viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms and effects of aplastic anemia?

    <p>Aplastic anemia affects all cell lines and can lead to anemia, clotting defects, and immunity defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is aplastic anemia treated?

    <p>Aplastic anemia is treated short-term with transfusions and long-term with transplanted stem cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of Sickle-cell Anaemia?

    <p>Sickle-cell Anaemia results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal haemoglobin: haemoglobin S (HbS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the shape of red blood cells change in Sickle-cell Anaemia?

    <p>In Sickle-cell Anaemia, the red blood cells become sickle-shaped due to changes in the haemoglobin molecule within the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of sickle-shaped red blood cells in Sickle-cell Anaemia?

    <p>Sickle-shaped red blood cells in Sickle-cell Anaemia can easily rupture, leading to anaemia and clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the increased resistance to malaria in individuals with only one sickle cell gene?

    <p>RBC membranes leak K+ &amp; lowered levels of K+ kill the parasite infecting the red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of incomplete plasmodium cycle on infected RBCs in individuals with sickle cell trait?

    <p>Infected RBCs sickle more easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of increased ROS (O2-, H2O2) in sickle trait erythrocytes?

    <p>Incomplete plasmodium cycle—infected RBCs sickle more easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the treatment options for acute crisis in sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Transfusions and inhaled nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of hydroxyurea in sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>It induces fetal hemoglobin formation which does not sickle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential treatments for sickle cell anaemia?

    <p>Transfusions, inhaled nitric oxide, hydroxyurea, blocking RBC ion channels, stem cell transplants, gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main types of polycythaemia and what are their causes?

    <p>The main types of polycythaemia are polycythaemia vera, which is caused by bone marrow cancer, and secondary polycythaemia, which can be caused by factors such as high altitude or increased production of erythropoietin (EPO).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood doping and why is it dangerous?

    <p>Blood doping is the practice of injecting previously stored red blood cells before an athletic event. It is dangerous because it increases blood viscosity, forcing the heart to work harder and increasing the risk of stroke and heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classifications of white blood cells (WBCs) based on cytoplasmic granules?

    <p>The two classifications of white blood cells based on cytoplasmic granules are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes or lymphocytes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of granulocytes and agranulocytes?

    <p>Granulocytes have obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules, while agranulocytes lack obvious granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of white blood cells (WBCs)?

    <p>The main function of white blood cells is to defend the body against infections and foreign substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neutrophil actions with their descriptions:

    <p>Lysozymes = Destroy/digest bacteria Defensin proteins = Act like antibiotics &amp; poke holes in bacterial cell walls Strong oxidants = Destroy bacteria Direct actions against bacteria = Fastest response of all WBC to bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neutrophil actions with their outcomes:

    <p>Release lysozymes = Bacteria destruction/digestion Release defensin proteins = Bacterial cell walls destruction Release strong oxidants = Bacteria destruction Direct actions against bacteria = Fast response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neutrophil actions with their effects on bacteria:

    <p>Lysozymes = Destroy/digest bacteria Defensin proteins = Poke holes in bacterial cell walls Strong oxidants = Destroy bacteria Direct actions against bacteria = Fastest response of all WBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following globulins with their correct functions:

    <p>α-globulins = Mainly transport haptoglobin(Hb), Ceruloplasmin(Cu) β-globulins = Transport transferrin(Fe) γ-globulins = Immunoglobulins - antibodies; combat pathogens Prothrombin = Promotes blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proteins with their primary roles:

    <p>Complement proteins = Aid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms Immunoglobulins = Antibodies; combat pathogens Prothrombin = Promotes blood clotting Transferrin = Transport of iron (Fe)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their associated globulins:

    <p>Haptoglobin(Hb) and Ceruloplasmin(Cu) = α-globulins Transferrin(Fe) = β-globulins Immunoglobulins = γ-globulins Prothrombin = Not associated with any specific globulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following eosinophil functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid = Process of eosinophils exiting the blood vessels to reach the site of infection or inflammation Release histaminase = Action of eosinophils that helps slow down inflammation caused by basophils Attack parasitic worms = Eosinophils directly target and destroy parasitic worms Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes = Eosinophils engulf and destroy antibody-antigen complexes, a process known as phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roles of eosinophils with their descriptions:

    <p>Role in allergies and asthma = Eosinophils play a major role in allergic reactions and asthma by releasing toxic granules Role in modulating immune response = Eosinophils help regulate and modulate the overall immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following eosinophil actions with their outcomes:

    <p>Release histaminase = Slows down inflammation caused by basophils Attack parasitic worms = Destroys parasitic worms Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes = Eliminates harmful antibody-antigen complexes Role in allergies and asthma = Contributes to the development and progression of allergies and asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of eosinophils?

    <p>Leave capillaries to enter tissue fluid, Release histaminase slows down inflammation caused by basophils, Attack parasitic worms, Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes, Role in allergies and asthma, Role in modulating immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eosinophils in allergies and asthma?

    <p>Eosinophils play a role in allergies and asthma by releasing histaminase to slow down inflammation caused by basophils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of eosinophils in modulating the immune response?

    <p>Eosinophils have a role in modulating the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of basophils?

    <p>Basophils are involved in inflammatory and allergy reactions. They leave capillaries and enter connective tissue, where they release heparin, histamine, and serotonin to heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions. They are functionally similar to mast cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of basophils in inflammatory and allergy reactions?

    <p>Basophils release heparin, histamine, and serotonin, which heighten the inflammatory response and account for hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are basophils functionally similar to mast cells?

    <p>Basophils and mast cells have similar functions, such as releasing heparin, histamine, and serotonin. They both play a role in inflammatory and allergy reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of lymphocytes?

    <p>The functions of lymphocytes include destroying bacteria and their toxins, attacking viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells, and some bacteria, and attacking many different microbes and some tumor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lymphocytes mostly found?

    <p>Lymphocytes are mostly found in lymphoid tissue, such as lymph nodes and spleen, with only a few circulating in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of B cells in immunity?

    <p>B cells destroy bacteria and their toxins and can turn into plasma cells that produce antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural killer cells in immunity?

    <p>Natural killer cells attack many different microbes and some tumor cells, and they destroy foreign invaders by direct attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of monocytes?

    <p>Monocytes leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages. They are actively phagocytic cells and crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to monocytes once they leave the capillaries?

    <p>Once monocytes leave the capillaries, they become wandering macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of wandering macrophages?

    <p>Wandering macrophages destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue following an infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monocytes differ from neutrophils in terms of their response to infection?

    <p>Monocytes take longer to get to the site of infection, but they arrive in larger numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of monocytes in activating lymphocytes?

    <p>Monocytes activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adhesion molecules (selectins) in the immune response?

    <p>Adhesion molecules (selectins) help white blood cells (WBCs) stick to the endothelium near the site of injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of molecules (integrins) found on neutrophils?

    <p>Molecules (integrins) found on neutrophils assist in their movement through the wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages eliminate bacteria and debris?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria and debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two families of cytokines that hormonally stimulate leukopoiesis?

    <p>Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the cytokines that belong to the interleukin family?

    <p>IL-1, IL-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the names of the cytokines that belong to the colony-stimulating factor (CSF) family?

    <p>Granulocyte-CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are important sources of cytokines in leukopoiesis?

    <p>Macrophages and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical uses of haematopoietic hormones?

    <p>Stimulating bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two broad categories of leukocyte disorders?

    <p>Leukopenia and leukemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between myeloid leukemia and lymphocytic leukemia?

    <p>Myeloid leukemia involves myeloblast descendants, while lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?

    <p>Acute leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukemia is more prevalent in older people?

    <p>Chronic leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for leukemia?

    <p>Irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and stem cell transplants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombopoietin in platelet formation?

    <p>Thrombopoietin regulates platelet formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the lifespan of platelets?

    <p>Platelets have a lifespan of about 10 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keeps platelets inactive and mobile?

    <p>NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells lining blood vessels keep platelets inactive and mobile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when platelets are activated?

    <p>Platelets form a temporary plug that helps to seal breaks in blood vessels when they are activated in response to injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three phases of haemostasis?

    <p>Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vascular spasms in haemostasis?

    <p>To cause immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury and reduce blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemicals do platelets store in granules for platelet plug formation?

    <p>Clotting factors, platelet-derived growth factor, ADP, ATP, Ca+2, serotonin, fibrin-stabilizing factor, and enzymes that produce thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps involved in platelet plug formation?

    <p>Platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, and platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do platelets stick to during platelet adhesion?

    <p>Exposed collagen underlying damaged endothelial cells in the vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chemicals are released during platelet release reaction?

    <p>Thromboxane A2 and ADP, which activate other platelets, as well as serotonin and thromboxane A2, which act as vasoconstrictors to decrease blood flow through the injured vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is platelet aggregation?

    <p>The process where activated platelets stick together and activate new platelets to form a mass called a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reinforces the platelet plug during the clotting process?

    <p>Fibrin threads formed during the clotting process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the reactions involved in haemostasis?

    <p>Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, and coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the chemicals stored in platelet granules for platelet plug formation?

    <p>Clotting factors, platelet-derived growth factor, ADP, ATP, Ca+2, serotonin, fibrin-stabilizing factor, and enzymes that produce thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three phases of haemostasis?

    <p>Vascular spasms, Platelet plug formation, Coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of platelet adhesion?

    <p>Platelets stick to exposed collagen underlying damaged endothelial cells in vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of platelet release reaction?

    <p>Platelets activated by adhesion extend projections to make contact with each other and release thromboxane A2 and ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of platelet aggregation?

    <p>Activated platelets stick together and activate new platelets to form a mass called a platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombin in blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are required for blood clotting?

    <p>Ca+2, enzymes synthesized by liver cells, and substances released by platelets or damaged tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of anaemia due to chronic renal failure?

    <p>The kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. In chronic renal failure, the kidneys are unable to produce enough erythropoietin, leading to a decrease in red blood cell production and resulting in anaemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of iron-deficiency anaemia?

    <p>Iron-deficiency anaemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, which is necessary for red blood cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of eosinophils?

    <p>Eosinophils play a role in the immune response against parasitic infections and are involved in allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of molecules (integrins) found on neutrophils?

    <p>Integrins on neutrophils play a role in cell adhesion and migration during inflammation and immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT required for blood clotting?

    <p>Prothrombin activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombin in blood clotting?

    <p>Converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway of blood clotting is triggered by exposure to tissue factor?

    <p>Extrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in blood clotting?

    <p>Release substances required for clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of blood clotting involves the formation of prothrombin activator?

    <p>Coagulation phase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Ca+2 in blood clotting?

    <p>Activates the next clotting factor in the sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following triggers the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fibrin threads in blood clotting?

    <p>Form the structure of a blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the substances required for blood clotting?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

    <p>It is faster than the intrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the transformation of prothrombin to thrombin?

    <p>Prothrombin activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for a clot to form once prothrombin activator is formed?

    <p>10-15 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of factor XIII in blood clotting?

    <p>Cross-links fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in clot retraction and repair?

    <p>Platelets release fibrinogen and factor XIII to stabilize the clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of factor XIII in clot retraction?

    <p>Factor XIII cross-links fibrin strands to stabilize the clot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in clot retraction and repair?

    <p>PDGF stimulates the growth of new blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of fibroblasts in clot retraction and repair?

    <p>Fibroblasts produce collagen to strengthen the wound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during clot retraction?

    <p>The clot pulls the edges of the damaged blood vessel together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endothelial cells in clot retraction and repair?

    <p>Endothelial cells multiply and restore the endothelial lining of the blood vessel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein that is converted to fibrin by thrombin during blood clotting?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein that stabilizes the fibrin mesh in clot retraction and repair?

    <p>Factor XIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are platelets activated by when a blood vessel is damaged?

    <p>The damaged vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial role of the clot in clot retraction and repair?

    <p>To plug the ruptured area of the blood vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is a fast-acting anticoagulant often used in the hospital setting?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is an oral anticoagulant that works by blocking the synthesis of vitamin K?

    <p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) in blood banks?

    <p>To store blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to dissolve blood clots in acute conditions such as stroke and heart attack?

    <p>Thrombolytic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication directly activates plasminogen to dissolve blood clots?

    <p>Streptokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication indirectly activates plasminogen by converting it to plasmin?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can cause serious side effects, including bleeding?

    <p>Thrombolytic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is a slower-acting anticoagulant than heparin and can take several days to reach its full effect?

    <p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used during hemodialysis and surgery to prevent blood clots from forming?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are removed from the blood by citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) to prevent blood clots from forming in stored blood?

    <p>Calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the rebuilding of the blood vessel wall?

    <p>Fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in clotting?

    <p>Rebuilding the blood vessel wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which a clot is dissolved?

    <p>Fibrinolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of haemophilia?

    <p>Subcutaneous hemorrhaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clotting factor is lacking in haemophilia A?

    <p>Factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to prevent blood clotting during hemodialysis and surgery?

    <p>Heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to dissolve blood clots directly or indirectly?

    <p>Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of bleeding disorders?

    <p>Inability to synthesize procoagulants by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for haemophilia?

    <p>Transfusions of fresh plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of disseminated intravascular clotting?

    <p>Low oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of disseminated intravascular clotting?

    <p>Multisystem organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are blood transfusions necessary?

    <p>Substantial blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shelf life of collected blood at 4°C?

    <p>35 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the antigens on RBC membranes used to classify blood groups?

    <p>Agglutinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if RBCs with foreign antigens are transfused into another individual?

    <p>Agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the proteins, glycoprotein, and glycolipid antigens on RBC membranes recognized as?

    <p>Foreign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are packed red cells used in blood transfusions?

    <p>Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group has both A and B agglutinogens on their red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>Type AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group has neither A nor B agglutinogens on their red blood cells (RBCs)?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ABO blood group system the most important for blood transfusions?

    <p>It is the most common blood group system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if a person receives a blood transfusion with incompatible blood?

    <p>Severe reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of a mild transfusion reaction?

    <p>Fever and chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of a severe transfusion reaction?

    <p>Shock and organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are agglutinogens responsible for?

    <p>Blood transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of agglutinogens?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can antibodies against agglutinogens cause?

    <p>Transfusion reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following causes Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?

    <p>Rh- antibodies of a sensitized Rh+ mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prevent a Rh- mother from becoming sensitized?

    <p>Rh+ blood from a previous pregnancy of an Rh+ baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for haemolytic disease of the newborn?

    <p>Pre-birth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of typing and cross-matching blood?

    <p>To determine blood compatibility for transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when incompatible blood is mixed?

    <p>Agglutination (visible clumping) and formation of antigen-antibody complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cross-matching in blood transfusions?

    <p>To test compatibility between donor cells and recipient's serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of transfusion?

    <p>Transfer of whole blood, cells, or plasma into the bloodstream of the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during incompatible blood transfusions?

    <p>Antigen-antibody complexes form between plasma antibodies and 'foreign proteins' on donated RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final pigment that leaves the body in feces?

    <p>Urobilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes problems in blood transfusions due to incompatibility?

    <p>Incompatibility between donor's cells and recipient's plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

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