Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of normative moral relativism?
What is the primary focus of normative moral relativism?
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development emphasizes obeying rules to avoid punishment?
Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development emphasizes obeying rules to avoid punishment?
During which level do individuals begin to internalize moral standards from role models?
During which level do individuals begin to internalize moral standards from role models?
What distinguishes a moral agent according to the content provided?
What distinguishes a moral agent according to the content provided?
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What characterizes the stage of 'Social Contract and individual Rights' in Kohlberg's theory?
What characterizes the stage of 'Social Contract and individual Rights' in Kohlberg's theory?
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At what age does the Pre-conventional level of moral development typically last until?
At what age does the Pre-conventional level of moral development typically last until?
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What concept does character relate to in the context of ethical decisions?
What concept does character relate to in the context of ethical decisions?
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What is the main concern of moral development according to Kohlberg?
What is the main concern of moral development according to Kohlberg?
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What is the essence of ethical subjectivism?
What is the essence of ethical subjectivism?
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In the context of moral decision making, what is the first step of the 7 Steps Model?
In the context of moral decision making, what is the first step of the 7 Steps Model?
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Which principle is highlighted by the concept of impartiality in ethical decision making?
Which principle is highlighted by the concept of impartiality in ethical decision making?
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What does moral courage primarily entail?
What does moral courage primarily entail?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the 7 Steps Model for making moral decisions?
Which of the following is NOT a step in the 7 Steps Model for making moral decisions?
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How is 'will' defined in the context of moral decision-making?
How is 'will' defined in the context of moral decision-making?
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What is the primary focus of the 'Assess the consequences' step in the 7 Steps Model?
What is the primary focus of the 'Assess the consequences' step in the 7 Steps Model?
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Which action is recommended to develop moral courage?
Which action is recommended to develop moral courage?
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How do morals primarily differ from ethics?
How do morals primarily differ from ethics?
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What is the primary function of ethical guidelines in a society?
What is the primary function of ethical guidelines in a society?
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What type of dilemma is experienced and resolved on a personal level?
What type of dilemma is experienced and resolved on a personal level?
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Which of the following best defines cultural relativism?
Which of the following best defines cultural relativism?
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In the context of social conditioning theory, which of the following best describes 'agents'?
In the context of social conditioning theory, which of the following best describes 'agents'?
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What does meta-ethical moral relativism suggest?
What does meta-ethical moral relativism suggest?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding moral standards?
Which of the following statements is true regarding moral standards?
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What does the concept of a dilemma usually involve?
What does the concept of a dilemma usually involve?
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Study Notes
Morality and Ethics
- Morality: Refers to an individual's internal beliefs and values guiding behavior and judgment.
- Ethics: A broader, more systematic set of guidelines governing conduct and interactions within a group, profession, or society.
Significance of Ethics
- Regulates behavior.
- Guarantees rights and freedom.
- Promotes a sense of justice.
- Essential for the economy.
- Involves serious wrongs or significant benefits.
Ethical Dilemmas
- Personal Dilemma: Experienced and resolved on a personal level.
- Organizational Dilemma: Ethical issues encountered and resolved by social organizations.
- Structural Dilemma: Concerns networks of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms.
Culture and Social Conditioning
- Culture: The accumulated experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, religions, and roles of a society.
- Social Conditioning Theory: The process by which individuals within a society are trained to think, believe, feel, and react in a way approved by that society or group.
- Agents of Social Conditioning: Parents, teachers, peers, popular culture, media, novels, movies, church, etc.
Cultural and Moral Relativism
- Cultural Relativism: The idea of not judging another culture based on one's own standards of right and wrong.
- Moral Relativism: The belief that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles.
- Descriptive Moral Relativism: Also known as cultural relativism; it posits that moral standards are culturally defined.
- Meta-ethical Moral Relativism: Argues that there are no objective grounds for preferring one culture's moral values over another.
- Normative Moral Relativism: Advocates for accepting all societies' differing moral values, given the absence of universal principles.
Moral Agents and Character
- Moral Agent: A person capable of discerning right from wrong and accountable for their actions.
- Character: A collection of qualities that distinguish one individual from another; derived from the Greek word "charaktêr."
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
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Level 1: Pre-conventional (Until age 9):
- Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment: Rules are fixed and absolute; following them avoids punishment.
- Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange: Recognition of different viewpoints; pursuing self-interest with potential reciprocity.
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Level 2: Conventional (Adolescence and Adulthood): Internalization of moral standards learned from role models and society.
- Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships: Focus on living up to social expectations and roles; valuing approval and acceptance.
- Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order: Consideration of society as a whole; maintaining law and order through rules, duty, and respect for authority.
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Level 3: Post-conventional: Development of abstract principles of morality.
- Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights: Recognition of differing values and opinions; prioritizing upholding social contracts and individual rights.
- Stage 6: Universal Principles: Following internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.
Ethical Subjectivism and Emotivism
- Ethical Subjectivism: Truth or falsity of ethical propositions depends on individual or group feelings, attitudes, or standards.
- Emotivism: Ethical statements are not statements of fact, but expressions of the speaker's emotions; often based on feelings.
Moral Decision-Making Model
- Gather the Facts: Determine information needed to clarify the situation.
- Determine the Ethical Issues: Clearly state competing interests involved.
- Identify Principles: Consider principles relevant to the situation.
- List Alternatives: Identify possible options.
- Compare Alternatives with Principles: Eliminate options based on moral principles.
- Assess Consequences: Analyze the potential outcomes of each alternative.
- Make a Decision: Choose the option that aligns most closely with ethical principles and desired consequences.
Will and Moral Courage
- Will: The capacity to act decisively on one's desires.
- Moral Courage: Doing the right thing despite potential inconvenience, ridicule, punishment, job loss, or social status loss.
Developing Moral Courage
- Practice self-discipline.
- Build moral strength.
- Draw inspiration from courageous individuals.
- Engage in acts that demonstrate moral courage and will repeatedly.
- Avoid actions that show a lack of moral courage and will.
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