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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of osteons found in the diaphysis of long bones?
What is the primary function of osteons found in the diaphysis of long bones?
What is primarily found in the middle part of an osteon?
What is primarily found in the middle part of an osteon?
Which type of ossification involves direct conversion of mesenchyme to bone?
Which type of ossification involves direct conversion of mesenchyme to bone?
In which area of bone do nerves typically concentrate?
In which area of bone do nerves typically concentrate?
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What characterizes spongy bone compared to compact bone?
What characterizes spongy bone compared to compact bone?
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What is the role of the reserved zone in the epiphyseal plate?
What is the role of the reserved zone in the epiphyseal plate?
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What is the significance of nutrient foramen in bone physiology?
What is the significance of nutrient foramen in bone physiology?
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During endochondral ossification, what does cartilage eventually become?
During endochondral ossification, what does cartilage eventually become?
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What is the main function of reticular connective tissue?
What is the main function of reticular connective tissue?
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Which type of dense connective tissue is characterized by fibers arranged parallel to each other?
Which type of dense connective tissue is characterized by fibers arranged parallel to each other?
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What is a key characteristic of elastic connective tissue?
What is a key characteristic of elastic connective tissue?
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What is the main purpose of hyaline cartilage?
What is the main purpose of hyaline cartilage?
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Which type of dense connective tissue is designed to withstand tensile forces in multiple directions?
Which type of dense connective tissue is designed to withstand tensile forces in multiple directions?
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What characteristic of epithelial tissue allows it to regenerate easily?
What characteristic of epithelial tissue allows it to regenerate easily?
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What component makes up the ground substance of cartilage?
What component makes up the ground substance of cartilage?
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In what structure would you typically find reticular connective tissue?
In what structure would you typically find reticular connective tissue?
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Which surface of an epithelial cell is responsible for facing the lumen of an organ?
Which surface of an epithelial cell is responsible for facing the lumen of an organ?
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How does dense connective tissue proper differ from loose connective tissue?
How does dense connective tissue proper differ from loose connective tissue?
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Which type of epithelial tissue has a single layer of cells and is involved in secretion and absorption?
Which type of epithelial tissue has a single layer of cells and is involved in secretion and absorption?
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What do tight junctions and gap junctions on the lateral surface of epithelial cells primarily facilitate?
What do tight junctions and gap junctions on the lateral surface of epithelial cells primarily facilitate?
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In the classification of epithelial tissues, what is a key feature of pseudostratified epithelium?
In the classification of epithelial tissues, what is a key feature of pseudostratified epithelium?
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What is the primary function of stratified epithelium?
What is the primary function of stratified epithelium?
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What does the basal lamina primarily consist of?
What does the basal lamina primarily consist of?
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Which cell type is characterized by being tall and column-like?
Which cell type is characterized by being tall and column-like?
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Which statement is true regarding the vascularity of epithelial tissues?
Which statement is true regarding the vascularity of epithelial tissues?
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What is one of the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
What is one of the primary functions of epithelial tissue?
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Which of the following correctly describes transitional cells?
Which of the following correctly describes transitional cells?
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What do glandular epithelial cells produce?
What do glandular epithelial cells produce?
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What is a key characteristic of connective tissue?
What is a key characteristic of connective tissue?
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In what way does connective tissue support the body?
In what way does connective tissue support the body?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissues?
Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissues?
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What distinguishes cuboidal cells from squamous cells?
What distinguishes cuboidal cells from squamous cells?
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What characteristic distinguishes skeletal muscle tissue from cardiac muscle tissue?
What characteristic distinguishes skeletal muscle tissue from cardiac muscle tissue?
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Which of the following is a function of smooth muscle tissue?
Which of the following is a function of smooth muscle tissue?
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What is the primary role of neurons in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of neurons in the nervous system?
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In which layers of the skin are Merkel cells found?
In which layers of the skin are Merkel cells found?
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Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by having intercalated discs?
Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by having intercalated discs?
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What is the primary function of Langerhans cells?
What is the primary function of Langerhans cells?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a neuron?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a neuron?
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What kind of control do skeletal muscles operate under?
What kind of control do skeletal muscles operate under?
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What is the structure that causes the sensation of goosebumps?
What is the structure that causes the sensation of goosebumps?
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Which type of melanin causes a yellowish-orange tint in the skin?
Which type of melanin causes a yellowish-orange tint in the skin?
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Which statement about smooth muscle tissue is true?
Which statement about smooth muscle tissue is true?
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Which of the following components is NOT part of a neuron?
Which of the following components is NOT part of a neuron?
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Which epidermal layer is primarily responsible for providing a transparent appearance due to the presence of Eleidin?
Which epidermal layer is primarily responsible for providing a transparent appearance due to the presence of Eleidin?
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What pigment is produced by melanocytes when the skin is exposed to UV rays?
What pigment is produced by melanocytes when the skin is exposed to UV rays?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to skin color?
Which factor does NOT contribute to skin color?
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What term describes the condition of paleness in the skin?
What term describes the condition of paleness in the skin?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology - Animal Tissue
- A tissue is a group of cells that share a common origin in an embryo and function together for specialized activities.
- Histology studies tissues.
- There are four types of body tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and ducts, and forms glands.
- Allows interaction with internal and external environments.
- Protects and supports.
- Secrete mucus, hormones and enzymes.
- Absorbs nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract and excretes substances.
- The cells are tightly packed with little extracellular material.
- Cells are avascular- rely on diffusion for nutrients.
- Easily regenerates.
- Exhibits polarity, meaning different structures and roles in different parts (apical, lateral, and basal surfaces).
Epithelial Tissue Arrangement and Shapes
- Simple epithelium- one layer of cells (diffusion, filtration, secretion or absorption)
- Pseudostratified epithelium- appears layered; but all cells come in contact with the basement membrane
- Stratified epithelium- two or more layers (protection)
- Squamous cells- flat cells (rapid diffusion)
- Cuboidal cells- cube-shaped or hexagonal; may have microvilli (secretion or absorption)
- Columnar cells- column-shaped; may have microvilli or cilia (secretion or absorption)
- Transitional cells- change shape depending on stretch (bladder).
- Ex. Glandular-specialized for secretion, goblet cells make mucus.
Connective Tissue
- Supports and protects body and organs.
- Stores energy reserves as fat.
- Helps provide immunity to disease causing organisms.
- Consists of cells and extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance).
- Highly vascular (except for cartilage).
- Supplied with nerves (except cartilage).
Components of Connective Tissue
- Collagen fibers- strong, flexible, but resist stretching.
- Reticular fibers- made of collagen and glycoproteins; support in blood vessels and form networks around cells.
- Elastic fibers- stretchable and strong; made of elastin and fibrillin; found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs.
- Cells- fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, etc.
Types of Connective Tissue
- Areolar connective tissue- widely distributed; supports organs and fills spaces between tissues.
- Adipose tissue- stores energy; insulates and protects organs; white adipose (energy reserve and cushioning) and brown adipose (thermogenic, releases metabolic heat).
- Reticular connective tissue- supportive framework for soft organs; found in lymph nodes, spleen.
Dense Connective Tissue Proper
- Dense regular connective tissue- tightly packed, parallel fibers, for strength; in tendons and ligaments.
- Dense irregular connective tissue- randomly arranged fibers for strength in many directions; in dermis.
- Elastic connective tissue- contains many elastic fibers; for stretching and recoil; in lungs and walls of major arteries.
Supporting Connective Tissues
- Cartilage- resilient and mostly avascular; a type of supporting connective tissue.
- Hyaline cartilage- smooth surface; found in joints and ribs.
- Fibrocartilage- tough tissue found in intervertebral discs; highly compressible and resists tension.
- Elastic cartilage- contains elastic fibers; easily recoils after stretch; found in ear flaps and epiglottis.
Fluid Connective Tissue
- Blood- liquid matrix (plasma) with various cells (blood cells -red, white and platelets).
Muscular Tissue
- Skeletal muscle tissue - long cylindrical striated cells (voluntary); muscles that move bones.
- Cardiac muscle tissue - branched striated cells; heart muscles (involuntary)
- Smooth muscle tissue - non-striated; involuntary; walls of internal organs and blood vessels.
Nervous Tissue
- Neurons- sensitive to stimuli; transmit electrical impulses; composed of cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.
- Neuroglia- supporting and protective functions but do not transmit impulses.
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