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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of osteons found in the diaphysis of long bones?

  • Facilitate nerve conduction
  • Provide support and protection (correct)
  • Allow for flexibility and movement
  • Store fat and minerals

What is primarily found in the middle part of an osteon?

  • Lacunae
  • Haversian canal (correct)
  • Matrix fibers
  • Chondrocytes

Which type of ossification involves direct conversion of mesenchyme to bone?

  • Appositional growth
  • Interstitial growth
  • Endochondral ossification
  • Intramembranous ossification (correct)

In which area of bone do nerves typically concentrate?

<p>In metabolically active regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes spongy bone compared to compact bone?

<p>Has a mesh-like arrangement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reserved zone in the epiphyseal plate?

<p>Securing the plate to osseous tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of nutrient foramen in bone physiology?

<p>Entry point for blood vessels into the bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During endochondral ossification, what does cartilage eventually become?

<p>Bone tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of reticular connective tissue?

<p>Forms a supportive framework for soft organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dense connective tissue is characterized by fibers arranged parallel to each other?

<p>Dense Regular Connective Tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of elastic connective tissue?

<p>Allows for stretching and recoiling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of hyaline cartilage?

<p>Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dense connective tissue is designed to withstand tensile forces in multiple directions?

<p>Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of epithelial tissue allows it to regenerate easily?

<p>High cellularity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component makes up the ground substance of cartilage?

<p>Chondroitin sulfate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what structure would you typically find reticular connective tissue?

<p>Liver and spleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of an epithelial cell is responsible for facing the lumen of an organ?

<p>Apical surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dense connective tissue proper differ from loose connective tissue?

<p>It has fewer cells and more densely packed fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue has a single layer of cells and is involved in secretion and absorption?

<p>Simple epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tight junctions and gap junctions on the lateral surface of epithelial cells primarily facilitate?

<p>Cellular communication and cohesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the classification of epithelial tissues, what is a key feature of pseudostratified epithelium?

<p>Nuclei lie at different levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of stratified epithelium?

<p>Protection against wear and tear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the basal lamina primarily consist of?

<p>Proteins such as laminin and collagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is characterized by being tall and column-like?

<p>Columnar cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the vascularity of epithelial tissues?

<p>They are avascular and rely on diffusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of epithelial tissue?

<p>Secreting hormones and enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes transitional cells?

<p>They change shape when the bladder stretches or contracts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do glandular epithelial cells produce?

<p>Mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of connective tissue?

<p>Contains an extracellular matrix and various cell types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does connective tissue support the body?

<p>By binding and strengthening other tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissues?

<p>Energy storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cuboidal cells from squamous cells?

<p>Cuboidal cells are as tall as they are wide, while squamous cells are thin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes skeletal muscle tissue from cardiac muscle tissue?

<p>Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of smooth muscle tissue?

<p>Motion and constriction of blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of neurons in the nervous system?

<p>To transmit and process electrical signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which layers of the skin are Merkel cells found?

<p>Stratum basale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized by having intercalated discs?

<p>Cardiac muscle tissue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Langerhans cells?

<p>Act as macrophages for immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a neuron?

<p>It consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of control do skeletal muscles operate under?

<p>Voluntary control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that causes the sensation of goosebumps?

<p>Arrector pili muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of melanin causes a yellowish-orange tint in the skin?

<p>Pheomelanin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about smooth muscle tissue is true?

<p>It is responsible for digestive tract movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of a neuron?

<p>Sarcomeres. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal layer is primarily responsible for providing a transparent appearance due to the presence of Eleidin?

<p>Stratum lucidium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pigment is produced by melanocytes when the skin is exposed to UV rays?

<p>Melanin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to skin color?

<p>Temperature of the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the condition of paleness in the skin?

<p>Pallor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epithelial Tissue

A tissue made of cells arranged in sheets, either single or multiple layers. It lines surfaces and forms glands.

Simple Epithelium

A single layer of epithelial cells, specialized for diffusion, filtration, secretion, or absorption.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Appears to have multiple layers but all cells actually reach the basement membrane.

Apical Surface

The surface of epithelial cells facing the body's exterior, a body cavity, or lumen of an organ. May contain cilia or microvilli.

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Basal Surface

The opposite surface of the apical surface. Attaches to the basement membrane.

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Basement Membrane

Extracellular layer attaching epithelial cells to connective tissue. It has a basal lamina (epithelial layer) and a reticular lamina (connective tissue layer).

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Avascular

Lacking blood vessels, depend on diffusion to receive nutrients.

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Polarity

Different structures and functions between the apical and basal surfaces of epithelial tissue.

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Stratified Epithelium

Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in areas with high wear and tear.

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Squamous Cells

Thin cells allowing for rapid substance passage.

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Cuboidal Cells

Cube-shaped cells, often involved in secretion/absorption.

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Columnar Cells

Tall cells that protect underlying tissues & often involved in secretion/absorption.

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Transitional Cells

Cells changing shape (e.g., squamous to cuboidal) to accommodate organ expansion and contraction.

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Connective Tissue Function

Connects, supports, strengthens tissues; protects and insulates organs; major transport system; energy storage; immune responses.

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Connective Tissue Components

Made of cells and extracellular matrix - proteins & ground substance.

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of thin, flat cells that facilitates material diffusion.

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Reticular Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue forming a delicate, supportive framework for soft organs like lymph nodes and the spleen. It's made up of reticular fibers (thin collagen fibers) and reticular cells.

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Function of Reticular Connective Tissue

Forms the stroma (supporting framework) of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.

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Dense Connective Tissue Proper

A type of connective tissue with more densely packed fibers than loose connective tissue, containing fewer cells.

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Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles, providing strong tensile strength in one direction.

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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with irregularly arranged collagen fibers, providing tensile strength in multiple directions.

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Elastic Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with predominantly elastic fibers, allowing for stretching and recoil.

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Function of Elastic Connective Tissue

Allows stretching of organs, provides strength and recoil, important in lungs and elastic arteries.

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Hyaline Cartilage

Cartilage with a gel-like ground substance, providing support and smooth surfaces for movement. It's the weakest type of cartilage.

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Skeletal Muscle

Long, cylindrical, striated muscle fibers responsible for voluntary movement of bones and joints.

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Cardiac Muscle

Branched, striated muscle fibers with intercalated discs found in the heart wall, responsible for pumping blood.

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Smooth Muscle

Nonstriated muscle fibers involved in involuntary movements like digestion and blood vessel constriction.

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Nervous Tissue Function

Converts external stimuli into electrical signals (nerve impulses) and transmits them to other cells.

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Neuron

A nerve cell responsible for transmitting electrical signals.

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Cell body

Part of a neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles.

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Dendrites

Branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Axon

A long, thin extension of a neuron that transmits signals to other cells.

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Stratum Lucidum

A clear layer of dead cells found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles. It contains a protein called eleidin, which makes it translucent.

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Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of flattened, dead cells filled with keratin. It helps protect the body from abrasion and water loss.

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Merkel Cells

Specialized sensory receptors located in the stratum basale. They detect touch sensations, sending signals to the brain.

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Langerhans Cells

Immune cells found in the stratum spinosum. They engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells.

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Keratinocytes

The most abundant cell type in the epidermis. They produce and store keratin, a tough protein that gives skin its strength.

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Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin, a pigment that gives skin its color and protects it from UV radiation.

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Papillary Layer

The upper layer of the dermis, characterized by dermal papillae (finger-like projections) that create fingerprints.

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Reticular Layer

The lower layer of the dermis, containing sweat glands, hair follicles, and arrector pili muscles (which cause goosebumps).

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Osteon

A structural unit of compact bone, composed of concentric lamellae, lacunae containing osteocytes, a central haversian canal, and canaliculi.

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Haversian Canal

The central channel of an osteon, containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish bone cells.

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Perforating Canal

Channels that run perpendicular to the haversian canals, connecting them and allowing for blood vessel and nerve passage.

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Lacunae

Small spaces within bone matrix, containing osteocytes.

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Spongy Bone

A type of bone tissue with a mesh-like structure, containing osteocytes housed in lacunae but not arranged in concentric circles.

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Nutrient Foramen

Openings in the surface of bone through which blood vessels enter and exit.

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Intramembranous Ossification

A process of bone formation where the bone develops directly from mesenchyme without a cartilage model.

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Endochondral Ossification

A process of bone formation that replaces a cartilage model with bone.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology - Animal Tissue

  • A tissue is a group of cells that share a common origin in an embryo and function together for specialized activities.
  • Histology studies tissues.
  • There are four types of body tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

  • Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and ducts, and forms glands.
  • Allows interaction with internal and external environments.
  • Protects and supports.
  • Secrete mucus, hormones and enzymes.
  • Absorbs nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract and excretes substances.
  • The cells are tightly packed with little extracellular material.
  • Cells are avascular- rely on diffusion for nutrients.
  • Easily regenerates.
  • Exhibits polarity, meaning different structures and roles in different parts (apical, lateral, and basal surfaces).

Epithelial Tissue Arrangement and Shapes

  • Simple epithelium- one layer of cells (diffusion, filtration, secretion or absorption)
  • Pseudostratified epithelium- appears layered; but all cells come in contact with the basement membrane
  • Stratified epithelium- two or more layers (protection)
  • Squamous cells- flat cells (rapid diffusion)
  • Cuboidal cells- cube-shaped or hexagonal; may have microvilli (secretion or absorption)
  • Columnar cells- column-shaped; may have microvilli or cilia (secretion or absorption)
  • Transitional cells- change shape depending on stretch (bladder).
  • Ex. Glandular-specialized for secretion, goblet cells make mucus.

Connective Tissue

  • Supports and protects body and organs.
  • Stores energy reserves as fat.
  • Helps provide immunity to disease causing organisms.
  • Consists of cells and extracellular matrix (protein fibers and ground substance).
  • Highly vascular (except for cartilage).
  • Supplied with nerves (except cartilage).

Components of Connective Tissue

  • Collagen fibers- strong, flexible, but resist stretching.
  • Reticular fibers- made of collagen and glycoproteins; support in blood vessels and form networks around cells.
  • Elastic fibers- stretchable and strong; made of elastin and fibrillin; found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs.
  • Cells- fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, etc.

Types of Connective Tissue

  • Areolar connective tissue- widely distributed; supports organs and fills spaces between tissues.
  • Adipose tissue- stores energy; insulates and protects organs; white adipose (energy reserve and cushioning) and brown adipose (thermogenic, releases metabolic heat).
  • Reticular connective tissue- supportive framework for soft organs; found in lymph nodes, spleen.

Dense Connective Tissue Proper

  • Dense regular connective tissue- tightly packed, parallel fibers, for strength; in tendons and ligaments.
  • Dense irregular connective tissue- randomly arranged fibers for strength in many directions; in dermis.
  • Elastic connective tissue- contains many elastic fibers; for stretching and recoil; in lungs and walls of major arteries.

Supporting Connective Tissues

  • Cartilage- resilient and mostly avascular; a type of supporting connective tissue.
  • Hyaline cartilage- smooth surface; found in joints and ribs.
  • Fibrocartilage- tough tissue found in intervertebral discs; highly compressible and resists tension.
  • Elastic cartilage- contains elastic fibers; easily recoils after stretch; found in ear flaps and epiglottis.

Fluid Connective Tissue

  • Blood- liquid matrix (plasma) with various cells (blood cells -red, white and platelets).

Muscular Tissue

  • Skeletal muscle tissue - long cylindrical striated cells (voluntary); muscles that move bones.
  • Cardiac muscle tissue - branched striated cells; heart muscles (involuntary)
  • Smooth muscle tissue - non-striated; involuntary; walls of internal organs and blood vessels.

Nervous Tissue

  • Neurons- sensitive to stimuli; transmit electrical impulses; composed of cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon.
  • Neuroglia- supporting and protective functions but do not transmit impulses.

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