Untitled Quiz

Anatomy and Physiology Overview

• Anatomy involves studying the structure and shape of body parts and their interrelationships.
• Physiology focuses on body functions and how various body parts work.

Types of Anatomy

• Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy: Examines large structures visible without a microscope (e.g., heart, bones).
• Microscopic Anatomy: Involves studying small structures that require a microscope, including:
  • Histology: Study of tissues.
  • Cytology: Study of cells.
• Surface Anatomy: Analyzes morphology and functionality of body surfaces.
• Systemic Anatomy: Studies specific body systems (e.g., muscular system).
• Regional Anatomy: Focuses on specific body regions.
• Radiographic Anatomy: Uses x-ray to examine body structures.
• Developmental Anatomy: Traces development from fertilized egg to adult.
• Pathological Anatomy: Studies structural changes related to disease, from gross to microscopic levels.

Types of Physiology

• Cell Physiology: Investigates cell functions.
• Pathophysiology: Examines functional changes due to disease and aging.
• Exercise Physiology: Looks at changes in body functions during muscular activity.
• Neurophysiology: Studies functional characteristics of neurons.

Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical Level: Atoms combine to form molecules.
• Cellular Level: Cells are the smallest living units, varying in size and shape based on function.
• Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells work together for specific functions.
• Organ Level: Structures composed of two or more tissue types performing specific functions.
• Organ System Level: Groups of organs working collectively for a common purpose.
• Organismal Level: The overall structure of living bodies made up of multiple organ systems.

Overview of Organ Systems

• Integumentary System:

  • External covering of the body (skin).
  • Functions include waterproofing, cushioning, protection, excretion of salts/urea, thermoregulation, and sensation.

• Skeletal System:

  • Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
  • Functions to support the body, provide a framework for movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells (hematopoiesis).

• Muscular System:

  • Muscles contract to produce movement; contraction is its sole function.

• Respiratory System:

  • Essential organs include nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx.
  • Main function is gas exchange.

• Digestive System:

  • A continuous tube from mouth to anus.
  • Components include the oral cavity and esophagus, facilitating food intake and processing.