GI Infectoins

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Questions and Answers

what is H. Pylori?

appearance: gram - rods infections caused: gastritis, peptic ulcer cancer, etc characteristics: survive pH of stomach, rapidly hydrolysis urea diagnosis: gastric biopsy staining: S-shaped, seagull wing

What are diseases of malabsorption?

Symptoms: Defective fat absorption, protein, vitamin, carbs, minerals, electrolytes. causes: pancreatic insufficiency secondary to cystic fibrosis, celiacs disease, crohn disease, lactose deficiency.

what is a peptic ulcers?

cause: h.pylori, non-steroids anti-inflammatory drugs, stomach acid pathogenesis: ulceration of gastrointestinal mucosa location: stomach or duodenum symptoms: dyspepsia (indigestion), heartburn, bloating, nausea, vomtiting, abdominal fullness, salt satiety, melena stool, hematochezia

What is an ulcer?

location: painful sores in the digestive tract types:peptic ulcers (associated with pepsin, h.pylori, and acid), gastric, duodenal, etc curlings: in severe burn pt cushing: elevated intracranial pressure cause: muscles layer protecting tissues in the body against digestive juices breaks or wears down symptoms: stomach pain, heartburn, constipation, weight loss, bloody or dark stool, indigestion treatment: antibiotics (H. Pylori), proton pump, surgery diagnosis: endoscopy, barium swallows Signup and view all the answers

What is crohn disease?

location: IBD can affect any area of the GI system cause: genetics, family history pathogenesis: bacterium causes immune system to attack itself (not autoimmune), causes fistulas and granulomas, tiny tunnels in the intestinhow: pathogens activate the immune system by antigen presentation and T helper release cytokines which stimulate inflammatory response, these then trigger macrophages and then form ulcers from enters into the submucosa. symptom: unregulated inflammation in GI tract, lower right abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, flatulence, absorption of nutrients, oral ulcers, weight loss, Nashua, vomiting, fatigue, fever, pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum, arthritis, sclerotics and uveitis in the eye, gallstones Signup and view all the answers

What is celiac disease?

cause: autoimmune disease where immune system attacks gluten in genetically predisposed individuals Pathogenesis: anti-TTG and Anti-Ema causes symptoms gluten: major storage protein in starchy endosperm cells of developing grain risk factors: genetic and environmental factors (HLA) symptoms: nutritional deficiency, diarrhea/constipation, abdominal pain, gas production, weight loss, inflammation of small bowel, asymptomatic, failure to thrive, anemia, dermatitis herpetiformis morphology: inc numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes, disruption of normal billows architecture, crypt hyperplasia and billows shortening Signup and view all the answers

What is diverticulitis?

population: older symptoms: left lower abdominal pain, changes of bowel habits (straining), diarrhea, fever, nausea, voting hallmark: pouches (diverticula) form in the large intestine, inflammation of them risk factors: obesity, low fiver, smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is whipples disease?

cause: Tropheryma whipplei (gram + rod) Risk factors: male, HLA-B27 Haplotype, farming, soil symptoms: fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, GI bleeding, joint pain, neurological disorders, cardiac inflammation, malabsorption of nutrients treatment: ceftriaxone or penicillin main findings: PAS-positive macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What is colon cancer?

Risk factors: male, age (older), smoking poor fiber diet, family history (IBD and CRC) diseases that are risk factors: ulcerative colitis and crohns location: large intestine and/or rectum pathology: malignant growth arises from a polyp types: endoluminal adenocarcinoma (in hollow tube of large intestine), sessile adenoma, kaposi sarcoma (HIV), Carcinoid tumors (neuroendocrine), lymphoma genetics: APC gene is a tumor suppressor gene that controls cell growth and division spread: hematogenous spread (in the blood), invasion/extension (through bowel wall and other structures), lymphatic system symptoms: abdominal pain, asymptomatic, stool changes (thin, frequency), weight loss,melaena, hematochezia, vomiting, nausea, constipation, obstipation, rectal fullness, tenesmus testig: fecal occult blood testing, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) , digital rectal exam (DRE), colonoscopy treatment: polypectomy (noncancerous), surgical removal of cancerous bowel, Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)?

cause: O157H7 E.coli or Shigella hallmark: microangiopathic Hemolytic Intravascular extrinsic non-immune anemia, acute renal failure, thrombocytopenia Pathogenesis: bacteria release shiga toxin that attacks the blood vessels and causes endothelial injury in the gut. Platelets will clump at injury and block the vessel so that the red blood cell can’t pass through, leading to a fragmented RBC. symptoms: bloody diarrhea (from endothelial injury), pallor, fatigue, mucocutaneous bleeding population: children treatment: dialysis Signup and view all the answers

What is ulcerative colitis?

cause: not completely known, but genetic and environmental factors population: young women, Eastern European pathogenesis: autoimmune disease that causes ulcers in the mucosa and submucosa of the colon, causing the large intestine to not be able to absorb water right location: starts in the rectum and travels up the large intestine, disease always involves the rectum symptoms: blood in stool, lower left abdominal pain (where rectum is located), inflammation, feeling like you haven’t completely emptied out, diarrhea, fever extra symptoms: liver cancer, skin rashes, conjunctivitis diagnosis: colonoscopy, endoscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is a colonoscopy?

what it is: examination of rectum and entire colon detects: polyp, cancer, ulcer, bleeding how: long flexible camera is inserted into the rectum diseases involve: chrons, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, colon cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is fecal occult blood (FOB)?

what it is: blood in feces is not visible Purpose: tests for hidden blood, globin, DNA, transferrin in stool positive test: means there is GI bleeding and needs partner test for ulcers how: small stool sample is used to test for heme, a component of hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What are blood tests?

look for: anemia, infection, malabsorption, autoimmune markers how: CBClook for anemia, electrolyte, autoimmune markers (TTG, p-ANCA) diagnosis: can looks for celiac, IBD, whipples Signup and view all the answers

What is an endoscopy?

what it is: upper GI (esophagus, stomach, duodenum). Visual difference between normal tissue and cancer diagnosis: ulcers, H.pylori, GERD, celiac disease, gastritis. how: flexible tube is placed into the throat Signup and view all the answers

What is a CAT scan?

Purpose: gives detailed cross-sectional images of abdominal organs finds: inflammation, absences, masses, perforations, bowel obstructions how it works: uses X-ray and computer processing to create 3D images. diagnosis: diverticulitis, Crohns complications, abscesses, tumors, bowel Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is H. Pylori?

Gram-negative rods that can survive in the stomach's acidic environment by rapidly hydrolyzing urea. Associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers and cancer.

What are diseases of malabsorption?

Characterized by impaired absorption of fats, proteins, vitamins, carbs, minerals, and electrolytes, often due to conditions like cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, Crohn's, or lactose deficiency.

What is a peptic ulcer?

Ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, commonly located in the stomach or duodenum, caused by H. pylori, NSAIDs, or stomach acid.

What is an ulcer?

Painful sores in the digestive tract, including peptic, gastric, and duodenal ulcers, caused by breakdown of protective muscle layers. Treated with antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors.