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Questions and Answers
Which aircraft has the lowest fuel consumption?
What material is the Radome made of?
Which panel contains the master warning and master caution lights?
What happens when the cockpit light is pressed in and a fault light is on?
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What is indicated by a red light in the cockpit?
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How many frames are added to an A320 to create an A321?
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What is the role of the Multi-Purpose Control Display Unit (MCDU)?
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What does an amber light indicate in the cockpit?
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What is the primary function of the Flight Augmentation System?
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Which component of the system is responsible for detecting faults within the aircraft's systems?
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What role does the Engine Interface Unit serve?
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Which technology prevents excessive maneuvering during flight?
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Which of the following systems is controlled by the Flight Attendant Panel?
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What is the purpose of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System?
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What does the term 'Full Authority Digital Engine Control' refer to in aircraft systems?
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What is a characteristic of the Future Air Navigation System (FANS)?
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Which system is responsible for detecting and extinguishing fires in the APU?
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What is the primary role of the center tank in the fuel system for the A318/319/320 models?
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What feature distinguishes the A321 fuel system from the A318/319/320 systems?
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What is the maximum voltage required by the Critical Design Configuration Control Limitations (CDCCL) for the fuel pump?
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How many HP compressors are present in the High Pressure (HP) rotor system?
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What type of bearings are used to cool and lubricate the low-pressure turbine?
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Which system provides electrical power for the aircraft’s A/C system?
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What is the purpose of the Primary airflow in the bypass air system?
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What is the primary function of the Flight Data Interface Unit (FDIU)?
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Which clock feature tracks elapsed time during a flight?
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What role does the Battery Charge Limiter (BCL) play in the aircraft's electrical system?
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Which system is responsible for monitoring engine performance and conditions?
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What does the Integrated Standby Instrument System (IS15) combine?
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What is the minimum number of operative transponders required for the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)?
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Which system uses the Engine to transform AC to DC?
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What does the Air Data / Inertial Reference System (ADIRS) provide regarding flight conditions?
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What indicates that a passenger door is armed?
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What is the opening sequence for the passenger doors?
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How many emergency exit doors does the A321 have?
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Which system operates the cargo doors?
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What type of oxygen system is used for the cockpit crew?
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What does the Cockpit Door Lock System (CDLS) include?
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What is the capacity of the Cabin Oxygen System's chemical O₂ generator above 14,000 feet?
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What type of lighting indicates residual pressure in an emergency exit door?
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Study Notes
Airbus A320 Family
- The A320 family includes the A318, A319, A320, and A321.
- The A321 is a stretched version of the A320, with 13 frames added.
- The A319 is a shortened version of the A320, with 7 frames removed.
- The A318 is a further shortened version of the A320, with 4.5 frames removed.
Airbus A320 Family - Weight and Dimensions
- The A318 has a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 166 tons (195,000 lbs).
- The A319 has an MTOW of 148 tons (150,000 lbs).
- The A320 has an MTOW of 77 tons (170,000 lbs).
- The A321 has an MTOW of 83 tons (183,000 lbs).
- The aircraft utilizes a Quartz Fiber Reinforced Plastic (QFRP) radom.
Airbus A320 Family - Cockpit
- The cockpit seats are not interchangeable and utilize 5-point seat belts.
- Cockpit layout includes:
- Overhead Panel: This houses the systems and circuit breaker panels, as well as master warning and master caution indicators.
- Main Instrument Panel: It includes electronic flight instrument systems for the captain and first officer, Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) with engine and system displays.
- Center Pedestal: This area includes the multi-purpose control display unit (MCDU) for troubleshooting, the radio management panel (RMP) for radio and onboard communications, the audio control panel (ACP), and the thrust lever.
- Integrated Standby Instrument System (IS15): This provides stand-by airspeed, altimeter, and horizon indicators.
Airbus A320 Family - Cockpit Light Philosophy
- Pressed light in, no light on: System is active and operating normally.
- Pressed light in, fault light on: System is active but has a fault condition.
- Released light out, Fault light on: System is deactivated.
Airbus A320 Family - Warning and Caution System
- Red lights indicate failures requiring immediate action.
- Amber lights indicate a need for awareness but no immediate action.
- White lights indicate an abnormal position or maintenance operation.
- Green lights indicate normal operation of a backup system.
- Blue lights indicate normal operation of a temporarily used system.
- Warnings avoid injury or death to persons.
- Cautions avoid damage to equipment.
- Notes facilitate the job.
Airbus A320 Family - ECAM System
- The ECAM (Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring) system is the primary source of fault information for the crew.
- It comprises:
- The Captain's Primary Flight Display (PFD) and Navigation Display (ND).
- The First Officer's Navigation Display (ND) and PFD.
- The ECAM system displays critical engine and system faults.
Airbus A320 Family - Clocks
- Two clocks are provided:
- The electrical clock (chronometer) displays Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and elapsed time.
- The system display (SD) also shows the time.
Airbus A320 Family - Maintenance and Inspections
- The aircraft utilizes a Maintenance Monitoring Electronic Logbook (MMEL) and a Minimum Equipment List (MEL).
- The MMEL and MEL provide guidance for operating with detected faults, with different timeframes for repair depending on the fault category:
- Category A: Fault must be repaired within 1 day
- Category B: Fault must be repaired within 3 days.
- Category C: Fault must be repaired within 10 days.
- Category D: Fault must be repaired within 20 days.
Airbus A320 Family - Centralized Fault Display Unit (CFDU)
- The Centralized Fault Display Unit (CFDU) is the hardware component of the CFDIS, responsible for displaying fault information.
- The CFDIS (Centralized Fault Display System) is the software component that manages the display of fault information.
Airbus A320 Family - Built in Test Equipment (BITE)
- BITE provides self-diagnostics and fault reporting for aircraft systems.
- BITE information is accessible through the MCDU in-flight and on-ground.
- A post-flight report is generated and printed after each flight to provide a detailed record of any detected faults.
Airbus A320 Family - Flight Data Recording
- The aircraft includes a solid-state Flight Data Recorder (FDR) that records flight parameters.
- The FDR begins recording five minutes after the first engine start.
- The Flight Data Interface and Management Unit (FDIMU) manages the collection and transmission of flight data.
- This includes the Data Management Unit (DMU), which collects flight data, and the Flight Data Interface Unit (FDIU), which sends this data to the solid-state Flight Data Recorder.
Airbus A320 Family - Aircraft Integrated Data System (AIDS)
- The DMU is the heart of the Aircraft Integrated Data System (AIDS).
- AIDS is used to monitor engine performance, overall aircraft performance, and critical flight parameters.
Airbus A320 Family - Electrical System (ATA 24)
- The aircraft uses a 115V AC system for generators.
- Transformer rectifiers convert AC to DC.
- The Electrical system outputs 28V DC power for the aircraft.
- Battery charge limiters (BCL) prevent overcharging of the batteries.
- The Ram Air Turbine (RAT) deploys automatically at 7100 knots, providing emergency hydraulic power.
- The batteries transfer energy to the essential bus systems through static inverters.
- The blue hydraulic system is used by the RAT.
Airbus A320 Family - Air Data and Inertial Reference System (ADIRS) (ATA 34)
- The ADIRS provides critical data to the flight management system.
- Components include:
- The Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) - It houses the total air temperature sensor (PAT), air data reference (ADK), inertial reference (IR), and angle of attack (AOA).
- The Pitot probes provide airspeed and Mach number information.
- The static ports provide barometric altitude, static air temperature, and over speed warnings.
- The inertial reference system provides attitude, vertical speed, flight path vector, heading, ground speed, and aircraft position.
Airbus A320 Family - Landing Aids
- The Airbus A320 is equipped with a variety of landing aids:
- Instrument Landing System (ILS): For precise approach guidance.
- Marker Beacons: Provide radio signals for altitude information.
- Head-Up Display (HUD): A display that projects flight information to the cockpit windscreen. (Optional).
Airbus A320 Family - Radio Navigation System
- The A320 utilizes a variety of radio systems:
- VHF Transceivers: Used for voice communications with ground stations.
- VOR: Used for navigation.
- GPS: Provides satellite-based navigation.
- ATC Transponder: Sends altitude reports to air traffic control.
- ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System): Used for data communications between aircraft and ground stations.
- Satellite Communication (SATCOM): (Optional)
Airbus A320 Family - Collision Avoidance Systems
- The A320 features:
- Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS): Monitors the airspace and provides alerts to the pilot about potential collisions with other aircraft.
- Terrain and Traffic Collision Avoidance System (T2CAS): Provides ground proximity and traffic collision warnings.
- Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS): Alerts the crew of potential ground collisions with the aid of the radio altimeter, providing a precise measurement of the aircraft's height above the ground.
- The radio altimeter is located in the aft cargo.
Airbus A320 Family - Autoflight System (AFS) (ATA 22)
- Autoflight system enables automated control for aircraft operation:
- Flight Management and Guidance Computer (FMGC): Controls the autoflight system, managing the autopilot, flight director, auto-thrust, navigation, and flight path planning.
- Flight Augmentation Computer (FAC): Provides additional flight augmentation features such as rudder trim, yaw damper, speed protection, and wind shear protection.
- Fault Isolation and Detection System (FIDS): This system is only available in the FAC and collects flight system fault information.
- Electrical Flight Control System (EFCS): This system provides stability and control for the aircraft and prevents excessive maneuvering.
- Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC): This system controls the engines, optimizing thrust and fuel efficiency.
- The Engine Interface Unit (EIU) provides the interface with the autopilot, flight director, and hydraulics, allowing for efficient management of engine and aircraft systems.
Airbus A320 Family - FMGC Functions
- The FMGC manages the following functions:
- Autopilot: Automatically controlling the aircraft's attitude.
- Flight director: Providing flight path guidance.
- Autothrust: Automatically managing thrust for different flight phases.
- Lateral: Controlling the aircraft's horizontal flight path.
- Vertical: Controlling the aircraft's vertical flight path.
Airbus A320 Family - Autopilot/Flight Director
- The autopilot/flight director provides:
- Aircraft stabilization,
- Flight path holding,
- Guidance after takeoff,
- And integrates with autothrust and FADEC systems.
Airbus A320 Family - Flight Augmentation
- The flight augmentation system provides:
- Rudder trim,
- Yaw damper,
- Rudder and aileron limitations,
- Flight Envelope Protection,
- Speed computations,
- Alpha floor and wind shear protection,
- Low energy awareness.
Airbus A320 Family - Air Traffic Information Management System (ATIMS) (ATA 44)
- The ATIMS facilitates air traffic communications and data management.
- SATCOM (Satellite Communications) is an optional feature of ATIMS.
- The system has different versions:
- Pre-FANS: includes Air to Ground communications (AUC).
- FANS A: Includes Pre-FANS functions and ATC functions.
- FANS B: Includes FANS A functions and enhancements to the communication network.
- Pre-FANS does not have ATC functions.
- The ATSU (Air Traffic Service Unit) is the heart of the ATIMS system.
- The ATIMS system connects the aircraft to ATC (Air Traffic Control) systems.
Airbus A320 Family - Communications (ATA 23)
- The A320 communication systems include:
- VHF Transceivers: Identical and interchangeable for voice communications.
- VOR: An navigation system to determine the position of a aircraft using ground-based radio beacons.
- VDRI (Voice Data Recorder and Interface): Records both voice and data transmissions.
- Onboard communications: Interconnecting components within the aircraft.
- Cabin Intercommunication Data System (CIDS): Allows the crew to communicate with passengers and control cabin functions.
- The Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) continuously recordings the last 2 hours of flight, including both ground and flight phases.
- The CVR begins automatically recording when at least one engine is running and continues for 5 minutes after the last engine is shut down and also 5 minutes after aircraft energization.
Airbus A320 Family - CIDS System
- The CIDS system uses software (Director Land 2) and hardware (Flight Attendant Panel (FAP) to control cabin functions.
- The Audio Management Unit (AMU) is the center of the audio communication system.
- The CIDS uses decoder/encoder units (DEU A and DEU B) to translate information for the crew.
Airbus A320 Family - Doors (ATA 52)
- The aircraft features:
- 4 passenger doors that operate manually, opening upwards, outwards, and then forward parallel to the fuselage.
- Two optional off-wing emergency exit doors on the A318, A319, and A320.
- Four off-wing emergency exit doors on the A321.
- Forward and aft cargo doors for the bulk cargo compartment (optional).
- The forward and aft cargo doors open outwards and upwards.
- Bulk cargo doors open outwards.
- Four avionics compartment doors are located in the fuselage. They are manually operated and open inwards.
- An armored and bullet-proof cockpit door.
- The Cockpit Door Lock System (CDLS) has two operating modes: Normal routine access mode and Emergency access mode.
Airbus A320 Family - Equipment and Furnishing (ATA 25)
- The A320 features:
- Cockpit seats.
- Passenger seats.
- Galleys: Dry for storage, wet for storage and food preparation.
- Lavatories.
- Curtains and partitions.
- Cabin panel layout: Lower side wall panels for rapid decompression, upper side wall panels with windows.
- Overhead storage compartments.
- Passenger service units (PSUs).
- Emergency equipment, including:
- Cockpit Emergency Equipment list.
- Cabin Emergency Equipment list.
- Manual Release Tool (MRT), located in the purser station.
Airbus A320 Family - Oxygen System (ATA 35)
- The A320 features a dual-mode oxygen system:
- Cockpit crew oxygen system:
- Normal Mode: Uses a mixture of pure oxygen and cabin air to prevent oxygen deprivation.
- 100% Mode: Provides pure oxygen.
- Cabin oxygen system:
- Chemical oxygen generators: Supply oxygen in the event of cabin decompression.
- Manual Release Tool (MRT) can be used to manually activate the oxygen masks in an emergency.
- Portable oxygen systems are available for medical emergencies.
- Cockpit crew oxygen system:
Airbus A320 Family - Water and Waste System (ATA 38)
- The A320 features a water and waste system:
- Potable water system:
- A320: 1 water servicing panel and 2 drain servicing panels.
- A318/319/321: 1 water servicing panel and 1 drain servicing panel.
- The water tank location varies:
- A320: Forward fuselage.
- A318/319/321: Aft fuselage.
- Waste water system:
- The drain mast is electrically heated.
- Vacuum toilet system:
- LIDS (Lavatory Indicating and Display System) is used to control and monitor the toilet systems.
- Potable water system:
Airbus A320 Family - Fuel System (ATA 28)
- The A320 family has different fuel tank configurations:
- A318/319/320:
- 4 integral fuel tanks, each with 2 booster pumps.
- Fuel is supplied first from the center tank. Then, inter-tank valves open when the left and right wing tanks reach low levels.
- The fuel transfer sequence is: center tank > outer cell > inner cell (fuel consumption).
- The refueling sequence is: outer cell > inner cell > center tank.
- A321:
- 3 fuel tanks.
- 4 booster pumps.
- A318/319/320:
- Critical Design Configuration Control Limitations (CDCCL):
- The fuel pump requires a minimum of 155V AC to operate.
Airbus A320 Family - Fire Protection (ATA 24)
-
The A320 family has comprehensive fire protection systems:
- Engine and APU fire detection and extinguishing systems.
- Lavatory and cargo smoke detection and extinguishing systems.
- Avionics smoke detection.
-
Engine fire protection system:
- Fire Detection Unit (FDU): Provides control and monitoring.
- Two fire extinguishing bottles are located at the pylons.
-
APU fire protection system:
- APU Fire Detection Unit (PDU): Controls fire detection and extinguishing.
- The fire extinguishing bottle is located behind the firewall.
- Automatic fire extinguishing is initiated on the ground when the APU is shut down.
-
Avionics smoke detection system:
- Avionics Equipment Ventilation Controller (AEVC) detects smoke in the avionics compartment.
-
Cargo smoke detection and extinguishing system:
- CIDS-SDF (Cabin Intercommunication Data System - Smoke Detection Function) detects smoke in the cargo compartment.
-
Lavatory smoke detection and extinguishing system:
-
CIDS-SDF detects smoke in the lavatory.
-
Automatic fire extinguishing is activated if the temperature reaches 77°C.
Airbus A320 Family - Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) (ATA 49)
- The APU provides:
- Electrical power for the aircraft systems.
- Air conditioning.
- It is manufactured by Honeywell or APIC (AlliedSignal Plessey International Corporation).
- The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is located in the aft cargo.
- It is a turbo shaft engine.
Airbus A320 Family - Power Plant (CFM56-5B) (ATA 70-80)
-
The CFM56-5B is a dual-rotor, variable stator, high bypass ratio turbofan engine.
-
It uses a programming plug on the ECU to adjust thrust settings.
-
Low pressure (LP) rotor:
- 5 LP compressor stages.
- Cooled and lubricated ball & roller bearings.
- LP shaft.
- 4 LP turbine stages.
- LP turbine powers the LP compressor.
-
Bypass air is used to increase efficiency:
- Primary airflow is used for combustion, primarily the bypass air.
- Secondary airflow gives the highest power.
- The bypass ratio is 5:1 (5 secondary air: 1 primary air).
-
High pressure (HP) rotor:
- 9 HP compressor stages.
- Ball/Roller bearings.
- HP shaft.
- 1 HP turbine stage.
- The HP turbine provides power for the HP compressor.
-
The annular combustion chamber is powered by the exciter bleed.
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