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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes the direction of precession in a gyroscope?
Which statement accurately describes the direction of precession in a gyroscope?
What are the three axes of freedom in a gyroscope?
What are the three axes of freedom in a gyroscope?
Which of the following instruments utilizes a DC-operated gyroscope?
Which of the following instruments utilizes a DC-operated gyroscope?
Which of the following is a gyroscopic instrument commonly used in aircraft?
Which of the following is a gyroscopic instrument commonly used in aircraft?
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What are the two principal methods used for driving the rotors of a gyroscope?
What are the two principal methods used for driving the rotors of a gyroscope?
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What is the primary function of a gyroscope in aircraft systems?
What is the primary function of a gyroscope in aircraft systems?
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How many degrees of freedom are provided by a gyroscope with both an inner and an outer gimbal?
How many degrees of freedom are provided by a gyroscope with both an inner and an outer gimbal?
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What is the significance of rigidity in the context of a gyroscope?
What is the significance of rigidity in the context of a gyroscope?
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What does precession refer to in a gyroscope?
What does precession refer to in a gyroscope?
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Which part of a gyroscope is known as the inner gimbal?
Which part of a gyroscope is known as the inner gimbal?
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What are gimbal rings primarily used for in a gyroscope?
What are gimbal rings primarily used for in a gyroscope?
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In a gyroscope, what is the rotor?
In a gyroscope, what is the rotor?
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What does the designation of three axes in a gyroscope represent?
What does the designation of three axes in a gyroscope represent?
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What does the property of rigidity in a gyroscope allow it to maintain?
What does the property of rigidity in a gyroscope allow it to maintain?
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Which property of a gyroscope is directly proportional to its rotational speed?
Which property of a gyroscope is directly proportional to its rotational speed?
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What causes actual precession in a gyroscope when installed on an aircraft?
What causes actual precession in a gyroscope when installed on an aircraft?
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In a Turn-and-Slip Indicator, the main function of the inclinometer is to indicate what?
In a Turn-and-Slip Indicator, the main function of the inclinometer is to indicate what?
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What mechanism within the Turn-and-Slip Indicator detects the rate of turn?
What mechanism within the Turn-and-Slip Indicator detects the rate of turn?
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What type of driving method is used in electrically driven gyroscopic instruments?
What type of driving method is used in electrically driven gyroscopic instruments?
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How does precession change in relation to the angle of the applied force on a gyroscope?
How does precession change in relation to the angle of the applied force on a gyroscope?
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What happens to the gyro flag in a Turn-and-Slip Indicator after 3 minutes of operation?
What happens to the gyro flag in a Turn-and-Slip Indicator after 3 minutes of operation?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of precession experienced by gyroscopes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of precession experienced by gyroscopes?
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What external factors can cause random precession in a gyroscope?
What external factors can cause random precession in a gyroscope?
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Which component allows a pneumatic gyroscopic instrument to operate?
Which component allows a pneumatic gyroscopic instrument to operate?
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What is the primary role of a Turn Coordinator as compared to a Turn-and-Slip Indicator?
What is the primary role of a Turn Coordinator as compared to a Turn-and-Slip Indicator?
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Which of the following describes the operation of the DC system in gyroscopic instruments?
Which of the following describes the operation of the DC system in gyroscopic instruments?
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What does the Turn-and-Slip Indicator principally measure?
What does the Turn-and-Slip Indicator principally measure?
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What does the movement of the ball in the inclinometer indicate during a turn?
What does the movement of the ball in the inclinometer indicate during a turn?
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What is indicated by a deflection of one pointer width in a turn-and-slip indicator?
What is indicated by a deflection of one pointer width in a turn-and-slip indicator?
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Which component of the gyro horizon indicates the pitch and roll/bank attitude of an aircraft?
Which component of the gyro horizon indicates the pitch and roll/bank attitude of an aircraft?
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In the functioning of an air-driven gyro horizon, what creates the force to spin the rotor?
In the functioning of an air-driven gyro horizon, what creates the force to spin the rotor?
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What happens when the spin axis of the gyro is out of vertical in a gyro erection device?
What happens when the spin axis of the gyro is out of vertical in a gyro erection device?
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What is the effect of experiencing a coordinated turn in an aircraft according to the inclinometer?
What is the effect of experiencing a coordinated turn in an aircraft according to the inclinometer?
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What type of gyro is used in a turn-and-slip indicator?
What type of gyro is used in a turn-and-slip indicator?
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What principle does the ball-type erection unit rely on to return the gyro to the vertical position?
What principle does the ball-type erection unit rely on to return the gyro to the vertical position?
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During operation, what system creates a depression for air to enter the air-driven gyro horizon?
During operation, what system creates a depression for air to enter the air-driven gyro horizon?
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What does the torque motor and levelling switch system do in a gyro erection device?
What does the torque motor and levelling switch system do in a gyro erection device?
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What does the annotation '2 MIN' mean in relation to the rate of turn on the turn-and-slip indicator?
What does the annotation '2 MIN' mean in relation to the rate of turn on the turn-and-slip indicator?
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How is the directional gyro primarily oriented?
How is the directional gyro primarily oriented?
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What is a key characteristic of the gyroscope used in the gyro horizon?
What is a key characteristic of the gyroscope used in the gyro horizon?
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What does a shallow turn cause in the inclinometer reading?
What does a shallow turn cause in the inclinometer reading?
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What causes the warning flag to display on the emergency horizon?
What causes the warning flag to display on the emergency horizon?
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What are the main components of an air-driven directional gyro?
What are the main components of an air-driven directional gyro?
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What indicates the actual bank in the gyro horizon?
What indicates the actual bank in the gyro horizon?
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What is one main difference between an electrically driven gyro horizon and an air-driven gyro horizon?
What is one main difference between an electrically driven gyro horizon and an air-driven gyro horizon?
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What is the primary function of the caging and setting knob in the directional gyro?
What is the primary function of the caging and setting knob in the directional gyro?
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Why is the curvature of the slot in a gyro horizon important?
Why is the curvature of the slot in a gyro horizon important?
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What type of gyroscopic instrument serves as a heading indicator?
What type of gyroscopic instrument serves as a heading indicator?
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What happens when the gyro's gimbals wander according to the levelling switch system?
What happens when the gyro's gimbals wander according to the levelling switch system?
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Why is it necessary to fill the levelling switches with inert gas?
Why is it necessary to fill the levelling switches with inert gas?
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What does the Directional Gyro provide as a short-term heading reference?
What does the Directional Gyro provide as a short-term heading reference?
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What maintains the direction of the rotor's spin axis during yawing?
What maintains the direction of the rotor's spin axis during yawing?
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What corrective action does the torque motor take when it receives a signal from the levelling switch?
What corrective action does the torque motor take when it receives a signal from the levelling switch?
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What is the purpose of the 'fast erecting' button on the gyro horizon?
What is the purpose of the 'fast erecting' button on the gyro horizon?
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Which feature of directional gyros assists in readjustment with the magnetic compass during flight?
Which feature of directional gyros assists in readjustment with the magnetic compass during flight?
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Study Notes
Gyroscopic Instruments
- A gyroscope is a spinning mass, freely rotating around one or two axes perpendicular its spin axis. This allows three degrees of freedom.
Components of a Gyroscope
- Rotor: A perfectly balanced rotating mass, mounted on bearings within a gimbal.
- Inner Gimbal (Ring): Supports the rotor, allowing turning relative to the outer frame.
- Outer Gimbal (Ring): Lies between the inner gimbal and supporting frame. A gyroscope with both inner and outer gimbals has two degrees of freedom.
Axes of a Gyroscope
- X-axis: Rotor spin axis (on bearings in the inner gimbal).
- Y-axis: Inner gimbal rotation (on pivots in the outer gimbal).
- Z-axis: Outer gimbal rotation (on pivots in the support frame).
Functional Principle
- A gyroscope's spinning rotor maintains its original orientation in space, regardless of movement of its support. This is due to rotational inertia.
Properties of a Gyroscope
- Rigidity: The ability of the rotor to maintain its spin plane in space (fixed direction), with high enough rotational speed.
- Precession: The change in the spin axis of the rotor, caused by an external force. This occurs at a 90-degree angle to the applied force, in the direction of rotation.
Types of Precession
- Apparent Precession: Due to Earth's rotation and curvature.
- Random Precession: Due to pivot and bearing friction; and out-of-balance assemblies.
- Actual Precession: Caused by external forces (eg., aircraft movement).
Determining Precession Direction
- Depends on rotor spin direction and applied force direction. Change in direction is perpendicular to the force in the direction of rotation.
Driving Gyroscopic Instruments
- Pneumatic Method: Air-driven with two connections: one to the pump and one to a spinning jet system.
- Electrical Method: Uses 115V AC/400Hz or 28V DC, with AC employing a squirrel-cage induction motor and DC utilizing a permanent magnet motor.
Applications in Aircraft
- Gyroscopic instruments provide a reference for pitching, rolling, yawing, and turning. Establish specific references for aircraft attitude.
Turn-and-Slip Indicator
- Displays rate of turn and whether the turn is coordinated or a skid/slip.
- Components: Housing, electrical connector, rate-of-turn needle, inclinometer, DC gyro motor, dial, gimbal ring, gyro flag, damping device, reversing mechanism.
- Independent Mechanisms: Rate-of-turn detection and bank/slip detection.
- Turn Mechanism: Uses gyroscopic precession against a calibrated spring.
- Function: Pointer deflects according to rate and direction of yawing (rate of turn).
Inclinometer
- Measures the aircraft's bank angle (tilting).
Turn Coordinator
- Alternative to turn-and-slip indicator. Coordination is indicated by the inclinometer.
Gyro Horizon
- Shows aircraft pitch and bank angle relative to vertical.
- Components: Aircraft symbol, horizon bar, and bank-angle scale.
Air-Driven Gyro Horizon
- Air-driven: Air enters and exits through jets, imparting force to spin rotor (around 15,000 rpm), through pendulous vane unit.
Functional Principle of a Gyro Horizon
- A displacement gyroscope with its spin axis held vertical by a gravity sensing device.
Gyro Erection Device
- Essential for maintaining the gyro spin axis vertical.
- 2 Types of Gyro Erection Device; -Ball Type Erection Unit (precessional forces exerted by steel balls within a rotating holder due to gravity.) -Torque Motor and Levelling Switch System : (two torque control motors operated by levelling switches, which apply corrective torques)
Electrically Driven Gyro Horizon
- Similar to air-driven but uses electrical power for rotor.
Emergency Horizon
- Redundant backup instrument, powered by batteries
Directional Gyroscope
- Displays aircraft heading.
- Components: Case, filter assembly, horizontal-axis gyroscope, inner gimbal ring, synchronizer gear/ring, caging & setting knob, compass card.
Principle of Operation of Directional Gyro
- Air-driven rotor with horizontal spin axis, stabilized heading is read from compass card relative to the lubber line.
Gyroscope Summary
- Rotor's Spin: Maintains a constant direction despite external forces.
- Properties: Rigidity, precession.
- Driving Method: Pneumatic (air) or Electrical.
- Aircraft Application: Attitude and heading references.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of gyroscopic instruments in this quiz. Learn about the components, axes, and functional principles that enable these devices to maintain orientation. Test your knowledge on the mechanics of gyroscopes and their properties.
