j&k elections - gyanvapi mosque
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary focus of the 5-Member Committee of Secretaries formed by the Union government?

  • Revising the CAA
  • Evaluating the literacy rates among Scheduled Castes
  • Distributing benefits to disadvantaged communities (correct)
  • Overseeing election processes in SC constituencies

Which historic agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led to an increase in reserved seats for depressed classes?

  • Dhebar Commission
  • The MacDonald Award
  • Poona Pact (correct)
  • Government of India Act 1935

In which year did the Supreme Court uphold the 103rd Constitutional Amendment Act concerning EWS reservation?

  • 2019
  • 2021
  • 2022 (correct)
  • 2010

What was the role of the Kelkar Commission established in 1953?

<p>To identify backward classes beyond Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant legal action was taken in relation to the Gyanvapi Mosque in 2021?

<p>A claim seeking rights to daily prayers was filed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states provides for a 69% reservation policy in public employment and education?

<p>Tamil Nadu (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which script was NOT among those found in the 32 inscriptions at the Gyanvapi Mosque?

<p>Brahmi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant act did Justice G Rohini Commission submit to the President of India?

<p>A report assessing caste-based reservations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What designation did the Dhebar Commission establish for tribes in 1973?

<p>Primitive Tribal Groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of survey did the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) conduct on the Gyanvapi Mosque?

<p>Non-invasive Survey (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document established the framework for UNESCO's World Heritage Convention that India accepted?

<p>The Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is associated with the construction of the Gyanvapi Mosque?

<p>Aurangzeb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, what is prohibited under Section 3?

<p>Conversion of a place of worship into a different religious denomination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Cauvery Water Management Scheme established by the central government outline?

<p>The appointment of a water management authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of the Supreme Court's ruling regarding reservation to local bodies as interpreted in the K. Krishnamurthy v Union of India case?

<p>Reservation requires empirical evidence of backwardness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many sculptures were discovered during the ASI survey of the Gyanvapi Mosque?

<p>55 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Gyanvapi Mosque's portico resembles another famous structure?

<p>It resembles the architectural style of the Taj Mahal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of February 2 in relation to the Ramsar Convention?

<p>Designated as International Wetlands Day. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Section 4(1) of the Places of Worship Act have on religious sites?

<p>It maintains the religious identity of places of worship as of August 15, 1947. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest Ramsar site in India?

<p>Sundarbans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was the Gyanvapi Mosque constructed?

<p>1669 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature did the ASI use to create a 3D model of the Gyanvapi Mosque's buried structures?

<p>Ground Penetrating Radar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the 2018 Jarnail Singh v. Lacchmi Narain Gupta case regarding SC reservations?

<p>To maintain a creamy layer principle within SCs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Act does not apply to ancient monuments and archaeological sites in India?

<p>Places of Worship Act, 1991 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Indian Sundarbans designated as a Ramsar site?

<p>1982 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country has the highest number of Ramsar sites globally?

<p>UK (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change regarding reservations was upheld in the State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh case?

<p>Subclassification of SCs is constitutional. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Ramsar site is located in Himachal Pradesh and is noted as the smallest in India?

<p>Renuka Wetland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary recommendation made by the Ramchandra Commission formed in 1996?

<p>Subdividing SCs into four groups for reservations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for the creamy layer principle application established in the Indira Sawhney v. Union of India case?

<p>To allow for equitable distribution of reservation benefits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event related to Article 370 occurred on August 5, 2019?

<p>It was abrogated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the establishment of the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal in 1990?

<p>Conflict over water resources between states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019?

<p>It divided Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Delimitation Commission established in 2020?

<p>To delineate parliamentary and assembly constituencies in J&amp;K. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 2002 J&K High Court ruling affect property rights of J&K women marrying outsiders?

<p>It confirmed their right to property ownership for life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political figure was the first Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir after its interim government was formed?

<p>Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of UNSC resolution 47 regarding Jammu and Kashmir?

<p>It called for a plebiscite in Jammu and Kashmir. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main functions of Article 35(A) in Jammu and Kashmir?

<p>To prevent non-residents from purchasing property in the state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following battles was fought between India and Pakistan in 1965?

<p>Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was the first political party in Kashmir, founded in 1925?

<p>Muslim Conference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gyanvapi Mosque Location

The Gyanvapi Mosque is located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ASI Survey Purpose

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) conducted a non-invasive survey of the Gyanvapi mosque in 2019, using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), to create a 3D model of buried features.

Gyanvapi Mosque History

The mosque was built in 1669 by Aurangzeb, and was initially named Alamgiri mosque.

Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991 - Section 3

Section 3 of the act prohibits conversion of a place of worship to a different religious denomination or class.

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Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991 - Section 4(1)

Maintains the religious identity of the place of worship as it was on August 15, 1947.

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Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991 - Section 4(2)

Terminates legal proceedings related to converting a place of worship's religious character before August 15, 1947.

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Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991 - Section 5

Describes exceptions to the act; doesn’t include ancient monuments under the AMASR Act, 1958 among others and Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid, Ayodhya.

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Sculptures found

55 sculptures were discovered during the ASI survey of Gyanvapi Mosque.

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Inscriptions on Gyanvapi Mosque

32 inscriptions in Devanagari, Grantha, Telugu, and Kannada scripts were found.

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Gyanvapi Mosque Court Case History

The Gyanvapi mosque case has been in court since 1991, starting with a local priest's suit.

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Ramsar Convention

An international treaty aimed at conserving and wisely using wetlands of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitat.

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Montreux Record

A register of Ramsar sites that are facing significant ecological changes or threats, requiring special conservation efforts.

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What is the 'largest Ramsar site' in India?

The Sundarbans in West Bengal, a mangrove forest.

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What is the 'smallest Ramsar site' in India?

Renuka Wetland in Himachal Pradesh.

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Aditya L1

India's first space-based solar observatory mission, designed to study the Sun from a distance of 1.5 million kilometers.

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Konark Wheel

A symbolic representation of the Sun chariot from the Konark Sun Temple in Odisha, featuring 12 pairs of wheels drawn by 7 horses.

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What is the significance of the '24 spokes' on the Konark Wheel?

They symbolize the 24 hours in a day.

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Caste Sub-categorization

The process of dividing Scheduled Castes (SCs) into sub-categories for the purpose of allocating reservations more equitably.

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What does the 'creamy layer' principle mean?

It identifies those members of SCs or OBCs who are financially well-off and thus may not need reservation benefits.

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What is the 'Punjab Government Case' about?

A long-standing case involving the Punjab government's attempts to sub-categorize SC reservations, including the Balmiki and Mazhabi Sikh communities.

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Cauvery River Dispute

A long-standing dispute over water rights between Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Pondicherry, stemming from Karnataka's diversion of water without Tamil Nadu's consent.

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Upper Riparian State

A state located upstream in a river system, with the right to utilize water before it reaches downstream states.

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Lower Riparian State

A state located downstream in a river system, depending on water flows from upstream states.

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Kashmir's 1st Muslim Ruler

Shah Mir, who ruled Kashmir in the early 14th century, marking the beginning of Muslim rule.

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UN Resolution 47

A UN Security Council resolution passed in 1948, blaming Pakistan for aggression in Kashmir and urging India to hold a plebiscite to determine its future.

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J&K's Special Status

The special status granted to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370, giving it autonomy in certain areas.

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Article 35A

A presidential order granting J&K's assembly the power to define permanent residents, preventing non-residents from buying property.

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Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019

An act that reorganized J&K into two union territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh, ending its special status.

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Delimitation Commission in J&K

A commission formed in 2020 to redraw parliamentary and assembly constituencies in J&K based on the 2011 census, following the Reorganisation Act.

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J&K's Assembly Seats

J&K's assembly currently has 114 seats, with 90 for Jammu and Kashmir, and 24 reserved for PoK.

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What is the purpose of the Committee of Secretaries?

The Committee of Secretaries, chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, was formed to assess and find a fair way to distribute benefits, programs, and initiatives to the most disadvantaged communities among the 1200 Scheduled Castes in India.

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Who proposed the concept of reservation based on caste?

The concept of reservation based on caste was first proposed by William Hunter and Jyotirao Phule in 1882.

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What happened in the Poona Pact?

The Poona Pact, signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1932, abandoned separate electorates for various classes in favor of increasing reserved seats for the 'depressed classes'.

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What is the significance of the 1994 Tamil Nadu Reservation Act?

Tamil Nadu is the only state in India that provides 69% reservation of seats in public employment and educational institutions for backward classes. This policy was passed in 1994 and placed under the 9th Schedule of the Constitution.

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What is the key point of the 'K. Krishnamurthy v. Union of India' (2010) case?

The Supreme Court ruled that reservation for backward classes in panchayats and municipal bodies is permissible, but only if there is empirical evidence of backwardness in relation to these local bodies.

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What is the significance of the 2022 Supreme Court ruling on reservation?

The Supreme Court ruled that the 50% reservation limit is 'flexible' and applies only to reservations for SCs, STs, and OBCs, not to EWS (Economically Weaker Sections).

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What are the PVTGs?

PVTGs, or Primitive Tribal Groups, are a subset of Scheduled Tribes identified for special attention due to their extremely vulnerable status.

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What are the Charaideo Moidams?

The Charaideo Moidams are burial sites of the Ahom Dynasty in Assam, added to UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites list in 2024. They are 'earthen mounds' often referred to as the 'Pyramids of Assam'.

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What is the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 1972?

The convention aims to protect cultural and natural heritage sites of 'outstanding universal value' and encourages cooperation among nations.

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What is the key aspect of the Cauvery Water Dispute?

The dispute revolves around the sharing of water from the Cauvery River between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The Supreme Court has intervened, declaring the river a 'national asset' and setting water sharing quotas.

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Study Notes

Gyanvapi Mosque Case

  • Survey of Gyanvapi Mosque in Varanasi, UP conducted by ASI revealed 55 sculptures and 32 inscriptions in Devanagari, Grantha, Telugu, and Kannada scripts
  • Petition filed in 2019 after the Supreme Court's Babri Masjid verdict requesting a scientific survey
  • ASI used GPR to create a 3D model of buried archaeological features
  • The case has been in court since 1991
  • Local priests initially filed a suit in the civil court of Varanasi in 1991
  • Petition filed in 2021 seeking daily prayer rights
  • Mosque built by Aurangzeb in 1669, initially called Alamgiri Mosque
  • Portico resembles the Taj Mahal in style and design
  • Relevant Acts: Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, Section 3 prohibits conversion, Section 4 protects religious identity as of August 15, 1947, and Section 5 has exceptions (ancient monuments). Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR), 1958 also relevant

Ramsar Convention

  • International treaty concerning wetlands of international importance, signed on February 2, 1971, and came into force in 1975
  • 172 member states
  • India became a signatory in 1982
  • Modified by the Paris Protocol (1982) and Regina Amendments (1987)
  • COP14 held by Wuhan (China) and Geneva (Switzerland) in 2022
  • Montreux Record established in 1990
  • Indian wetlands on the Montreux record: Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and Loktak Lake (Manipur)
  • National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) established in 2015
  • First Indian Wetland of International Importance: Chilika Lake (designated in 1981)
  • Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar sites
  • Largest Ramsar site in India: Sundarbans (West Bengal), largest mangrove forest globally, UNESCO World Heritage site
  • Current number of Ramsar sites in India: 85
  • 3 new sites added in 2024

Aditya-L1 Mission

  • India's first space-based solar observatory mission to study the sun from 1.5 million km
  • ISRO's second astronomy observatory-class mission (after AstroSat, 2015)
  • Will take approximately 125 days to reach the Lagrangian Point 1 (L1)
  • PSLV C57 rocket launched the mission
  • Fourth stage of PSLV fired twice to precisely insert spacecraft into orbit

Konark Sun Temple

  • UNESCO World Heritage Site (1984)
  • 13th-century Sun Temple dedicated to Surya
  • Kalinga architecture
  • Also known as the Black Pagoda
  • Jagannath Temple in Puri is called the White Pagoda
  • Features: 12 pairs of wheels drawn by 7 horses, representing celestial movement, 24 spokes symbolizing 24 hours, used as sundials
  • Konark Wheel displayed at the 18th G20 Summit in Delhi (theme: 'One Earth, One Family, One Future')

Caste Sub-categorization

  • Supreme Court's 2014 ruling in State of Punjab v Davinder Singh upheld the constitutional validity of sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs)
  • 50% reservation is not permissible at the sub-caste level, with reservation limited to the first generation
  • 2004 ruling in E.V. Chinnaiah vs. State of Andhra Pradesh disallowed sub-categorization of SCs, subject to re-evaluation
  • Ramchandra Commission (1996) recommended sub-dividing SCs
  • National Commission for Backward Classes (2015) recommended categorization for OBCs
  • Jarnail Singh v. Lacchmi Narain Gupta (2018) - Creamy layer principle applied to SC promotions.
  • Reservations introduced in the Indian Constitution in 1950
  • Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992) introduced the creamy layer principle to the OBC reservations.
  • Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalization of Reservations) Act (2000)
  • Punjab government sub-classification case: 1975, 2006, 2010, and 2020 Supreme Court rulings.
  • Union government's 5-Member Committee of Secretaries formed to evaluate SC reservations
  • Justice G. Rohini Commission (2017-2023) for disadvantaged communities

Other Topics

  • India's 43 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
  • Assam's Charaideo Moidams added to UNESCO list (ancient burial sites of the Ahom Dynasty).
  • Cauvery Water Dispute: 2007 Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal's final award modified in 2018. Includes states Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Puducherry. River is a national asset.
  • J&K elections: 1st muslim ruler Shah Mir. UNCIP resolution 47, 1948 identified Pak as aggressor during indo-pak conflicts(1947, 1965, 1971, 1999). Article 370 scrapped in 2019. J&K Reorganisation Act (2019) led to two UTs. Delimitation Commission 2020 details.
  • J&K Assembly seats, delimitation, and reservation details
  • 1st J&K elections: 2024, 3 phases (Sept 18, 25, Oct 1). New CM - Omar Abdullah / Party - Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
  • Haryana elections also held with Nayab Singh Saini as new CM.

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Explore the complex legal and archaeological developments surrounding the Gyanvapi Mosque in Varanasi, UP. This quiz covers the historical context, key court cases, and relevant legislation, including the Places of Worship Act. Test your knowledge of this significant cultural and legal topic in India.

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