Untitled Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which principle allows new data types to be created from existing data types?

Encapsulation

Abstraction

Inheritance (correct)

Polymorphism

What does black-box testing focus on?

The debugging process

The internal structure of the program

The programming code implementation

The correctness of the program's outputs (correct)

What is the primary purpose of debugging?

To test the program's performance

To implement new features

To prepare for black-box testing

To find and fix errors in the code (correct)

Which of the following defines polymorphism in OOD?

Using the same expression for different operations Signup and view all the answers

Which testing type relies on knowing the internal workings of an algorithm?

White-box testing Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a linear data structure?

Values are arranged sequentially. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a non-linear data structure?

Tree Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a data structure?

To facilitate the access and modification of data. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about homogeneous data structures?

They store values of the same type. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an Abstract Data Type (ADT)?

It both stores data and allows operations on that data. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a basic data structure?

Dictionaries Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration in selecting a data structure?

It must be rich enough to represent data relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes non-linear data structures?

Data values are organized in a hierarchical layout. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an Abstract Data Type (ADT)?

To define a collection of data and operations to manipulate that data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a core operation that every Collection ADT should provide?

Encrypt the collection Signup and view all the answers

What are the three fundamental stages of a program's life cycle?

Development, Use, Maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What is the first important step in the software analysis phase?

Understanding the problem requirements Signup and view all the answers

In structured programming, what does the term 'structured design' refer to?

Dividing a problem into smaller subproblems Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of object-oriented design (OOD) is essential for problem-solving?

Identifying components called objects Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a physical implementation of an ADT?

A class definition in a programming language Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an algorithm?

A step-by-step problem-solving process Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Structures

Data Structure: A way to store and organize data; facilitates access and modification of data elements.
Linear Data Structures: Data arranged sequentially, like a list.
- Arrays: Fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type.
- Linked Lists: Dynamically sized, elements linked together.
- Stacks: LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) structure - think of a stack of plates.
- Queues: FIFO (First-In, First-Out) structure - think of a line at a store.
Non-Linear Data Structures: Data Elements not ordered sequentially.
- Trees: Hierarchical structure, like a family tree.
- Graphs: Collection of nodes and edges, representing relationships between elements.
- Hash Tables: Data stored based on its hash code or key, provides fast access to data.

Abstract Data Type (ADT)

Abstract Data Types (ADTs): Mathematical models of data storage and operations.
- Define data organization and allowed operations.
- Focus on what is done, not how.
Data Structures: Implementations of ADTs.
- How data is physically stored and accessed.
- Concrete representation of an ADT.

Core ADT Operations

Every Collection ADT should allow:
- Adding an item
- Removing an item
- Finding or accessing an item
Potential additional operations:
- Checking if the collection is empty.
- Clearing the collection.
- Retrieving a subset of the collection.

Software Development Life Cycle

Phases:
- Analysis: Defining the problem and understanding its requirements.
- Design: Creating an algorithm (step-by-step solution) and choosing data structures.
- Implementation: Writing code to translate the design into a working program.
- Testing and Debugging: Verifying the program's correctness and fixing any errors.

Software Design Approaches

Structured Design: Breaking down problems into smaller, manageable subproblems.
Structured Programming: Implementing structured designs.
Object-Oriented Design (OOD):
- Identifies objects (components) and their interactions.
- Uses principles like encapsulation (data and operations combined), inheritance (creating new types from existing ones), and polymorphism (using the same expression for different operations).