Gut Dysbiosis and related conditions

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What is the main cause of inflammatory diarrhoea?

Impaired intestinal motility
Excessive luminal content absorption
Infectious agents (correct)
Reduced blood supply to the intestines

Which condition can lead to dysmotility diarrhoea?

Ulcerative Colitis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) (correct)
Ischemic injury
Crohn’s Disease

What happens when there is impaired intestinal motility?

Enhanced mixing of luminal contents
Reduced fluid leakage into the intestinal lumen
Abnormal transit times (correct)
Increased absorption time

Which of the following conditions can disrupt the integrity of the mucosal barrier?

Ischemic injury (B) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does damaged mucosal barrier have on diarrhoea?

Fluid and inflammatory exudates leakage into the lumen (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely to lead to rapid transit of luminal contents through the intestine?

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs and cats?

Chronic pancreatitis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between chronic pancreatitis and EPI?

Chronic pancreatitis causes narrowing of pancreatic ducts, leading to reduced enzyme secretion and EPI symptoms. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is not commonly associated with chronic pancreatitis?

Diabetes mellitus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the gastrointestinal microbiome?

To maintain immunotolerance and protect against pathogens (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the faecal flora is incorrect?

It always requires antimicrobial therapy. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intestinal barrier?

To protect against pathogens and maintain immunotolerance (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is directly related to gut dysbiosis?

Infections caused by invasive pathogens (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is SIBO?

A condition where certain bacteria in the small intestine are overgrown (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a collection of autoimmune conditions in the gut that includes ulcerative colitis, microscopic colitis, and Crohn's disease?

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which byproduct contributes to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) by building up in arteries?

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gut dysbiosis is true?

It is a criterion for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth)?

Slow gut motility (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter do antiemetics that act on the CNS block to inhibit the vomiting reflex?

Dopamine (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which antiemetic is known for blocking NK1 (substance P) receptors, considered the final common pathway in the vomiting center?

Maropitant (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological target of apomorphine in veterinary medicine?

D2 Dopamine Receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

In veterinary medicine, which drug is used as a GI prokinetic by stimulating 5-HT4 receptors leading to various GI muscle contractions?

Cisapride (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between low and high doses of Metoclopramide in terms of receptor antagonism?

Low doses are 5-HT3 antagonists, high doses are D2 dopamine antagonists. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding emetics in veterinary medicine is true?

They stimulate the CRTZ. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the use of xylazine in veterinary medicine is correct?

Xylazine is an α2-adrenergic agonist primarily used as a sedative and analgesic in large animals, but it can also induce emesis in certain species. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the use of apomorphine in veterinary medicine is correct?

Apomorphine is a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist used as an emetic in dogs and cats. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary physiological mechanism involved in the induction of emesis?

Activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla oblongata. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of the antiemetic drug maropitant?

Neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonism. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the pharmacology of metoclopramide is correct?

Metoclopramide exhibits both dopamine D2 receptor antagonism and serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonism, making it useful as an antiemetic in dogs and cats. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the prescribing cascade for veterinary medicines is correct?

The prescribing cascade is a process where the side effects of drugs are misdiagnosed as symptoms of another problem, leading to further prescriptions and potential drug interactions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about xylazine is correct?

Xylazine acts as an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, providing sedative and analgesic effects. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of apomorphine as an emetic in dogs?

It directly stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla oblongata by acting as a central dopamine agonist. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a prokinetic antiemetic drug used in veterinary medicine?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of maropitant as an antiemetic in dogs and cats?

It is a 5-HT$_3$ receptor antagonist, inhibiting the vomiting reflex. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the physiological mechanisms of emesis is correct?

The vomiting center is located in the medulla oblongata and coordinates the vomiting reflex. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the use of antiemetic drugs in veterinary medicine is correct?

Metoclopramide is a 5-HT$_3$ receptor antagonist used to treat vomiting associated with chemotherapy. (D) Signup and view all the answers