Gut Dysbiosis and related conditions
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Questions and Answers

What is the main cause of inflammatory diarrhoea?

  • Impaired intestinal motility
  • Excessive luminal content absorption
  • Infectious agents (correct)
  • Reduced blood supply to the intestines

    • Which condition can lead to dysmotility diarrhoea?

  • Ulcerative Colitis
  • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) (correct)
  • Ischemic injury
  • Crohn’s Disease

    • What happens when there is impaired intestinal motility?

  • Enhanced mixing of luminal contents
  • Reduced fluid leakage into the intestinal lumen
  • Abnormal transit times (correct)
  • Increased absorption time

    • Which of the following conditions can disrupt the integrity of the mucosal barrier?

    <p>Ischemic injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does damaged mucosal barrier have on diarrhoea?

    <p>Fluid and inflammatory exudates leakage into the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to lead to rapid transit of luminal contents through the intestine?

    <p>Intestinal pseudo-obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs and cats?

    <p>Chronic pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between chronic pancreatitis and EPI?

    <p>Chronic pancreatitis causes narrowing of pancreatic ducts, leading to reduced enzyme secretion and EPI symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is not commonly associated with chronic pancreatitis?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the gastrointestinal microbiome?

    <p>To maintain immunotolerance and protect against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the faecal flora is incorrect?

    <p>It always requires antimicrobial therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intestinal barrier?

    <p>To protect against pathogens and maintain immunotolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is directly related to gut dysbiosis?

    <p>Infections caused by invasive pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is SIBO?

    <p>A condition where certain bacteria in the small intestine are overgrown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a collection of autoimmune conditions in the gut that includes ulcerative colitis, microscopic colitis, and Crohn's disease?

    <p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which byproduct contributes to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) by building up in arteries?

    <p>Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about gut dysbiosis is true?

    <p>It is a criterion for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth)?

    <p>Slow gut motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter do antiemetics that act on the CNS block to inhibit the vomiting reflex?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiemetic is known for blocking NK1 (substance P) receptors, considered the final common pathway in the vomiting center?

    <p>Maropitant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physiological target of apomorphine in veterinary medicine?

    <p>D2 Dopamine Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In veterinary medicine, which drug is used as a GI prokinetic by stimulating 5-HT4 receptors leading to various GI muscle contractions?

    <p>Cisapride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between low and high doses of Metoclopramide in terms of receptor antagonism?

    <p>Low doses are 5-HT3 antagonists, high doses are D2 dopamine antagonists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding emetics in veterinary medicine is true?

    <p>They stimulate the CRTZ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the use of xylazine in veterinary medicine is correct?

    <p>Xylazine is an α2-adrenergic agonist primarily used as a sedative and analgesic in large animals, but it can also induce emesis in certain species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the use of apomorphine in veterinary medicine is correct?

    <p>Apomorphine is a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist used as an emetic in dogs and cats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary physiological mechanism involved in the induction of emesis?

    <p>Activation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla oblongata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of the antiemetic drug maropitant?

    <p>Neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pharmacology of metoclopramide is correct?

    <p>Metoclopramide exhibits both dopamine D2 receptor antagonism and serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonism, making it useful as an antiemetic in dogs and cats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the prescribing cascade for veterinary medicines is correct?

    <p>The prescribing cascade is a process where the side effects of drugs are misdiagnosed as symptoms of another problem, leading to further prescriptions and potential drug interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about xylazine is correct?

    <p>Xylazine acts as an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, providing sedative and analgesic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of apomorphine as an emetic in dogs?

    <p>It directly stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla oblongata by acting as a central dopamine agonist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a prokinetic antiemetic drug used in veterinary medicine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of maropitant as an antiemetic in dogs and cats?

    <p>It is a 5-HT$_3$ receptor antagonist, inhibiting the vomiting reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the physiological mechanisms of emesis is correct?

    <p>The vomiting center is located in the medulla oblongata and coordinates the vomiting reflex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the use of antiemetic drugs in veterinary medicine is correct?

    <p>Metoclopramide is a 5-HT$_3$ receptor antagonist used to treat vomiting associated with chemotherapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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