Guía para o Comentario de Textos Literarios

• This document is a guide for literary text commentary.

Analysis of Background or Content

• This involves identifying the argument and theme.
• The theme includes the central (most prominent) theme and any secondary themes.

Analysis of Form or Expression

• This analysis focuses on the structure of the theme, considering whether it follows a classic pattern (introduction, development, resolution) or an open/closed/parallel structure.

Graphic Level

• Considers the arrangement of space (prose, verse, figurative form like calligrams) and typography such as italics or bold.
• It includes orthography (use of upper or lower case, spelling errors, punctuation changes, and inclusion of certain signs like hyphens, parentheses, underlines).
• It also includes calligraphy, the use of manual handwriting, and the use of images, drawings, or xerographs.

Phonic Level

• Figures of sound include alliteration, onomatopoeia, paronomasia, and phonosymbolism.

Metrics

• This refers to the number of syllables.
• Verse types include simple verses (up to 11 syllables) and compound verses (from 12 syllables onward), which involve caesura (hemistiquios).
• "Art" refers to the number of syllables in a verse.
• "Minor art" includes bisyllabic (2), trisyllabic (3), tetrasyllabic (4), pentasyllabic (5), hexasyllabic (6), heptasyllabic (7), octosyllabic (8) verses.
• "Major art" includes enneasílabo (9), decasílabo (10), hendecasílabo (11), dodecasílabo (12), tridecasílabo (13), and alexandrino (14) verses.
• Verse length affects rhythm; short = quick rhythm (common in popular literature), long = slower rhythm.
• The type of rhyme refers to assonance or consonance.
• Number of verses per stanza includes couplet, tercet, and quatrain.
• Types of quatrains include: Cuarteto (ABBA), serventesio (ABAB), redondilla (abba), cuarteta (abab)
• Other verse types include: Quinteto, quintilla, lira (aBabB), Oitava real (ABABABCC, Décima (abbaaccddc), etc.
• Types of composition include romance (octosyllables with assonance in pairs).
• Sonnet: Typically two quartets and two hendecasyllable tercets.
• Silva: A combination of 7 and 11 syllable verses with consonant rhyme, etc.

Morphosyntactic Level

• This refers to the type or category of words that are most abundant.
• Substantives (nouns) indicate the concrete.
• Adjectives provoke slowness and are common in descriptions.
• Types of adjectives include: specificative (casa branca, tellado verde) and explicative or epithets (branca neve, verde herba).
• The placement of adjectives can impact meaning; those placed before emphasize subjectivity.
• Verbs indicate quickness and movement in narratives.
• Figures of speech at the morphosyntactic level include anaphora, parallelism, hyperbaton, chiasmus, asyndeton, polysyndeton, enumeration, epithet, pleonasm, ellipsis, apostrophe, and rhetorical questions.
• Example of Anaphora: Merquei lavanda; merquei caraveis; merquei rosiñas.
• Example of Paralelismo: As mulleres cantaban; os homes bailaban; os nenos xogaban...
• Example of Hipérbato: Chocolate comía Brais.
• Example of Quiasmo: Trouxo mazás verdes e verdes limóns.
• Example of Asíndeto: Dorme, come, xoga.
• Example of Polisíndeto: Dorme e come e xoga.
• Example of Enumeración: Mercou laranxas, tomates, cebolas e leitugas.
• Example of Epíteto: Sombra escura; branca neve.
• Example of Pleonasmo: Saín para fóra; subín arriba.
• Example of Elipse: En abril, (caen) augas mil.
• Example of Apóstrofe: Xurxo, pecha a porta.
• Example of Pregunta retórica: Quen me responde?

Lexical-semantic Level

• Vocabulary is analyzed from various viewpoints, including diachronic or historical (time) considering archaism and neologism.
• Vocabulary is also analyzed from a diatopic, dialectal, or geographic (place) perspective, considering dialectalisms and foreign words.
• Analysis of vocabulary is also conducted from a social and register (or modality) perspective.

Figures of Speech at the Lexical-semantic Level

• Metaphor: Os remos do teu corpo (Your body's oars).
• Similes: Os teus brazos son coma remos (Your arms are like oars).
• Metonymy: involves substituting the container for the content, the hypernym for the hyponym, the brand for the product or the material for the object.
• Hyperbole: Viviu un inferno.
• Personification: As paredes oen.
• Animalization: O porco (alcalde) de pé..
• Oxymoron: includes O silencio sonoro along with os choros secos
• Paradox: includes Nais que non teñen fillos.
• Synesthesia: Primavera amarga; pel sonora; canción fría.
• Diaphora or dilogy: Agora calou a chaqueta.
• Litotes: Non é moi simpático.

Pragmatic Level

• The position of the narrator is considered, whether first, second, or third person alongside whether the receiver is absent, present, collective or individual.
• Consideration should be given to the description of characters (prosopography for physical description or etopea for ethical description).
• Elements of time, such as whether it is linear, continuous, or anachronistic, and speed are important.
• Analysis and thought should be put towards the description of space; symbolic, real, or fantastic.

Localization

• Genre refers to the subject or category which the text belongs to, for example whether it's an epic, lyrical, narrative, dramatic, or didactic piece.
• Consideration of literary topics such as Locus amoenus, Beatus ille, Carpe diem, Ubi sunt?, and Descriptio puellae.
• Époque: Period (movement, literary and century or time in which it develops):
• Examples include the Galician or Castilian literature during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

Additional Considerations

• Author
• Work
• Opinion

Guía para comentar textos literarios. Inclúe a análise do fondo e do contido, a análise da forma ou expresión. Tamén inclúe o nivel gráfico, o nivel fónico e a métrica.