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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the muscular passageway in the digestive system that is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?
What is the name of the muscular passageway in the digestive system that is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx?
Pharynx
What is the process of rhythmic muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract called?
What is the process of rhythmic muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract called?
Peristalsis
What is the name given to the thin barrier between alveolar and capillary walls in the respiratory system, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged?
What is the name given to the thin barrier between alveolar and capillary walls in the respiratory system, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged?
Respiratory membrane
Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for the majority of digestion, aided by bile and pancreatic enzymes?
Which part of the digestive tract is responsible for the majority of digestion, aided by bile and pancreatic enzymes?
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What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?
What are the two main phases of the cardiac cycle?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
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What are the three layers of the uterus?
What are the three layers of the uterus?
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What is the condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus?
What is the condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus?
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What is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes?
What is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes?
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What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea?
What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea?
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The primary function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.
The primary function of the respiratory system is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells.
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Which of the following is a disorder that can lead to respiratory acidosis due to CO2 retention?
Which of the following is a disorder that can lead to respiratory acidosis due to CO2 retention?
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What is the medical term for inflammation of the liver?
What is the medical term for inflammation of the liver?
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The heart's autorhythmic property means that it requires external nerve impulses to initiate contractions.
The heart's autorhythmic property means that it requires external nerve impulses to initiate contractions.
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What is the name of the condition where impulses reach the ventricles of the heart at different times, leading to uncoordinated contractions?
What is the name of the condition where impulses reach the ventricles of the heart at different times, leading to uncoordinated contractions?
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Which of the following serves as the main pathway between the atria and ventricles in the heart's conduction system?
Which of the following serves as the main pathway between the atria and ventricles in the heart's conduction system?
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What is the name of the protective structure that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels attached to it?
What is the name of the protective structure that encloses the heart and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels attached to it?
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Which layer of the heart is responsible for the heart's pumping action?
Which layer of the heart is responsible for the heart's pumping action?
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What is the condition characterized by a reduction in blood flow to a specific area of the heart, often due to a blood clot?
What is the condition characterized by a reduction in blood flow to a specific area of the heart, often due to a blood clot?
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The heart is a muscular organ composed primarily of smooth muscle tissue.
The heart is a muscular organ composed primarily of smooth muscle tissue.
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Angina Pectoris?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Angina Pectoris?
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Flashcards
Large Intestine Function
Large Intestine Function
Absorbs water and electrolytes, synthesizes vitamins (like Vitamin K), and stores/eliminates waste as feces.
Liver Function
Liver Function
Produces bile, detoxifies substances, stores glycogen, and makes proteins like albumin and clotting factors.
Gallbladder Function
Gallbladder Function
Stores bile and releases it to aid in fat digestion.
Pancreas Function
Pancreas Function
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Digestion
Digestion
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Absorption
Absorption
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Defecation
Defecation
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Hepatic Portal System
Hepatic Portal System
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Mouth Function
Mouth Function
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Pharynx & Esophagus
Pharynx & Esophagus
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Stomach Function
Stomach Function
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Small Intestine Function
Small Intestine Function
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Duodenum
Duodenum
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Jejunum and Ileum
Jejunum and Ileum
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Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
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Gut Motility
Gut Motility
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Secretion Regulation
Secretion Regulation
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
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Reflex Actions
Reflex Actions
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Integration with other Systems
Integration with other Systems
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Study Notes
Digestive System
- The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients for absorption into the bloodstream and expels waste
- The system includes the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs
- Digestion involves mechanical (physical breakdown) and chemical (enzyme-driven breakdown) processes
- Nutrients are absorbed into the blood and lymph
Large Intestine
- Absorbs water and electrolytes
- Synthesizes vitamins (e.g., Vitamin K)
- Temporarily stores waste and eliminates it as feces
Accessory Digestive Organs
- Liver: Produces bile, detoxifies substances, stores glycogen, and synthesizes proteins
- Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases it into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion
- Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Digestive Process
- Peristalsis: Rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
- Digestion: Food is broken down into small molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats)
- Absorption: Nutrients pass through the walls of the intestines into the bloodstream or lymph
- Defecation: Removal of indigestible material and waste products as feces
Liver and Hepatic Portal System
- The liver processes nutrients from digestion and detoxifies harmful substances
- The hepatic portal system transports nutrients from the intestines to the liver for processing
Key Digestive Tract Components
- Mouth: Begins digestion with mastication (chewing) and saliva
- Pharynx & Esophagus: Transport food to the stomach via peristalsis
- Stomach: Receives food from the esophagus, churns it into chyme, secretes gastric juices, absorbs small amounts of alcohol and vitamin B12, and contains sphincters
- Small Intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum): Where most digestion occurs, aided by bile and pancreatic enzymes, and absorbs nutrients through villi into the blood via the hepatic portal system (carbohydrates, proteins) or lacteals (fats)\
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
- The ENS controls the rhythmic contractions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, facilitates the movement of food, coordinates peristalsis and segmentation
- This regulation is essential for effective digestion and absorption of nutrients
- The ENS regulates the secretion of digestive juices (including saliva, gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzymes)
- It also modulates the secretion of mucus to protect the lining of the GI tract and assist in food passage
Neurotransmitters and Signaling
- The ENS uses various neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine, serotonin, and nitric oxide) to communicate between neurons and coordinate digestive functions
- Serotonin plays a significant role in regulating gut motility and sensation
Reflex Actions
- The ENS can mediate reflex actions without input from the CNS
- The gastrocolic reflex triggers increased peristalsis in the colon after food enters the stomach, helping to prepare the intestines for incoming material.
Integration with Other Systems
- The ENS interacts with the immune system, influencing gut immunity and responding to inflammatory signals
- It also communicates with the endocrine system, affecting hormone release that regulates digestion.
Common Diseases of Digestive System
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and irritation
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits
- Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine
- Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine (duodenum)
- Diverticulitis: Inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that can form in the walls of the colon
- Gallstones: Solid particles that form in the gallbladder, often made of cholesterol or bilirubin
- Crohn's Disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract
- Ulcerative Colitis: Another form of IBD that primarily affects the colon and rectum
- Constipation: A common condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements or difficulty passing stools
- Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections, alcohol, or toxins
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